Abstract. Safitri YA, Hasanah U, Salamiah, Samharinto, Pramudi MI. 2019. Distribution of major diseases of shallot in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 3: 33-40. Shallot is a vegetable crop with high economic value, but its productivity in Indonesia is still relatively low. One of the causes is due to attack of the diseases. The research was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018, with the purpose of studying the distribution of major diseases of shallots in South Kalimantan. It consisted of field, laboratory, and greenhouse research. Field research involved the survey of shallots’ extensive planting in eight villages of six districts in South Kalimantan, disease symptoms, the broad of attack, and the collection of secondary data. Laboratory research included the isolation and identification of the pathogen causing diseases. The greenhouse research was conducted to perform the Postulate Koch test. The research result showed that there were two major diseases of shallots, namely Moler and Anthracnose. Pathogen causing Moler disease (Fusarium oxysporum) attacked shallot plant in six districts (Tabalong, Balangan, Tanah Laut, Kotabaru, Tapin, and Banjarbaru) and pathogen causing Anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum sp) attacked shallot plant in five districts (Tabalong, Balangan, Tanah Laut, Kotabaru, and Tapin).

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Senyawa antioksidan dapat mengurangi efek buruk radikal bebas terhadap kulit. Daun kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam) mengandung senyawa antioksidan dengan potensi aktivitas yang kuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat sediaan gel antioksidan dengan menggunakan karbomer sebagai basis gel dan ekstrak etanol daun kelor dengan konsentrasi untuk F0, F1, F2 dan F3 adalah 0%, 1%, 2% dan 3%, yang kemudian dievaluasi dan diuji aktivitas antioksidannya. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode penentuan IC50 menggunakan reaksi DPPH (Difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil). Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun kelor adalah 89,305 ppm dan vitamin C sebagai senyawa pembanding adalah 8,374 ppm. Evaluasi sediaan gel meliputi pengamatan homogenitas, organoleptis (warna, aroma dan konsistensi), viskositas dan pH selama 28 hari. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun kelor dalam sediaan gel dihari pertama adalah 129,245 ppm (F1), 116,875 ppm (F2) dan 97,484 ppm (F3), sedangkan dihari ke-28 adalah 178,236 ppm (F1), 148,589 ppm (F2) dan 143,333 ppm (F3). Hasil uji sifat fisik sediaan gel menunjukkan bahwa semua sediaan gel homogen dan tidak mengalami perubahan warna dan aroma, sedangkan konsistensi dari hasil uji viskositas mengalami perubahan signifikan setelah 28 hari dan hasil uji pH semua sediaan selain F3 juga mengalami perubahan signifikan setelah 28 hari. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun kelor dapat diformulasi dalam sedian gel antioksidan dengan konsentrasi terbaik adalah 3%

This study examines the influence of internal and external factors on profitability as proxied by Return on Assets (ROA), a study on Islamic Commercial Banks for the 2016-2020 period. In the theory of profitability, there are 2 factors that affect bank profitability, namely internal factors and external factors. Internal factors in this study are BOPO (Operating Expenses to Operating Income), Non-Performing Financing (NPF), Financial to Deposit Ratio (FDR) and external factors in this study are inflation and the money supply. Profitability is one of the most important factors in a company, including Islamic financial institutions, in this case Islamic banks, so that every company must pay attention to the company's profitability ratios. Islamic banks are financial institutions that just started to emerge in the late 90s and have a very high level of competition with conventional banks. For this reason, this study aims to look at the financial performance of Islamic banks in Indonesia through the level of profitability they have had for the last 5 years. The sample selection in this study used purposive sampling method. The sample in this study is the monthly financial statements of Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia in 2016-2020. The data in this study will be processed using SPSS software with multiple regression. The results of this study state that inflation as an external factor does not have a significant effect on the profitability of Islamic Commercial Banks as measured by the Return on Assets (ROA) ratio with a significance level of 0.628 and the money supply has a significant effect on ROA. While the BOPO, NPF and FDR variables as internal factors have a significant effect on ROA.

Based on data from The Global Burden of Disease Study in 2016, dental and oral health problems, especially dental caries, are a disease experienced by almost half of the world’s population (3.58 billion people). One of the main causes of dental caries is the pathogenesis of Streptococcus mutans. Prevention can be achieved by controlling S. mutans using an antibacterial agent. The most commonly used antibacterial for the treatment of dental caries is chlorhexidine. However, long-term use of chlorhexidine has been reported to cause resistance and some side effects. Therefore, the discovery of a natural antibacterial agent is an urgent need. A natural antibacterial agent that can be used are herbal medicines derived from medicinal plants. Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav has the potential to be used as a natural antibacterial agent for treating dental and oral health problems. Several studies reported that the leaves of P. crocatum Ruiz and Pav contain secondary metabolites such as essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds that are active against S. mutans. This review summarizes some information about P. crocatum Ruiz and Pav, various isolation methods, bioactivity, S. mutans bacteria that cause dental caries, biofilm formation mechanism, antibacterial properties, and the antibacterial mechanism of secondary metabolites in P. crocatum Ruiz and Pav.

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One of the herbs that can be used as a source of natural dye is the kluwek which is brown. This study aims to determine the type of secondary metabolite compounds producing color, and to determine the stability of tannin in various conditions such as pH, oxidizing, UV rays, heating temperature, and storage using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. This research includes preparation of kluwek, extraction with acetone:water (7:3) with maceration method, phytochemical test (tannin, flavonoid, carotenoid, and anthocyanin) and total tannins, and tannin stability test on various pH, oxidizing, UV rays, temperature and duration of heating, and storage using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The results obtained are kluwek extract containing tannin, flavonoid, carotenoid, and anthocyanin compounds, and total tannins 2.80%. Based on the tannin content, kluwek extract stable at pH 6-7, heating 60-80 oC, and storage up to 9 days at temperature 27 C, and kluwek extract unstable when contact with 1% H2O2, UV light, and if kept at cold temperature (10 ?C).