No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Asteraceae family has various benefit as herbal medicine and phytochemical affect (biopesticides). It can grow in different habitats but the morphological and physiological characters of Asteraceae depend on the environmental factor. The aims of the study is to describe the variation of height of stems and width of leaves from three species of Asteraceae family (Pluchea indica, Ageratum conyzoides and Elephantopus scaber), on three types of habitat which differed by its altitude and learn the correlation between altitude and morphological characteristics of Asteraceae. Samples of Asteraceae were obtained from Bangkalan-Madura The habitat altitude and the environmental factors were determined by measuring altitude, light intensity, oxygen levels (climate), organic compound, C level, N level, pH (soil chemical character), soil temperature, water levels, porosity, dust, sand and soil humidity (soil physical character). Asteraceae which grows at intermediate-altitude has the highest stems. While, Asteraceae at low-altitude has the widest leaf.

<p>ABSTRACT<br />The Banggai Cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni) or capungan Banggai (often abbreviated as BCF) is a marine fish endemic to the waters around the Banggai Archipelago, caught in large numbers for the marine aquarium trade. The conservation of this endemic species became an international issue, in 2007 the BCF was proposed for CITES listing by the USA and listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List. The CITES proposal was withdrawn, with Indonesia committed to conserve the Banggai Cardinalfish through a sustainable ornamental fishery approach. The multi-stakeholder Banggai Cardinalfish Action Plan (2007-2012) and other initiatives have aimed towards this goal; however the initiative to secure limited protected status in 2011 failed. Studies during 2011-2012 found many positive developments in the BCF fishery, and if the carrying capacity (stocks and ecosystems) was similar to the early 2000’s, current official exploitation levels should be sustainable. However a stock assessment analysis using FISAT II revealed a high exploitation level (0.5), indicating catches may have reached or possibly exceeded sustainable limits. Survey/monitoring results indicate the endemic population is not in a steady state, with sharp declines in the past decade. There are strong indications that habitat degradation is the main cause of this decline, including over-exploitation of key BCF micro-habitat (sea urchins and sea anemones). Without an effective solution to protect the supporting ecosystem, P. Kauderni will be increasingly threatened with extinction, with or without fishing pressure. The case of the BCF highlights the importance of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries policy and management.<br />Key words: ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management, Pterapogon kauderni, stock<br />assessment, sustainable ornamental fishery</p><p>-------</p><p><br />ABSTRAK<br />Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni) yang sering disingkat BCF atau capungan Banggai merupakan ikan laut endemik di perairan Banggai Kepulauan dan sekitarnya yang ditangkap dalam jumlah besar untuk diperdagangkan sebagai ikan hias. Kelestarian spesies endemik tersebut menjadi isu internasional dan pada tahun 2007 diusulkan pada CITES oleh Amerika Serikat dan didaftarkan sebagai Endangered pada Red List IUCN. Status terdaftar pada CITES ditangguhkan, namun Indonesia berkomitmen untuk menjamin kelestarian Banggai cardinalfish dengan pola sustainable ornamental fishery. Rencana Aksi Banggai Cardinalfish multi-stakeholder (2007-2012) dan beberapa inisiatif lain bertujuan mewujudkan tujuan tersebut antara lain penetapan status jenis lindung terbatas, namun upaya yang diinisiasi pada tahun 2011 tersebut gagal. Berdasarkan data kajian 2011-2012, banyak perubahan positif dalam perikanan BCF, dan jika daya dukung alam (stok dan ekosistem) masih seperti pada awal tahun 2000-an tingkat pemanfaatan resmi seharusnya sustainable. Hasil kajian menggunakan FISAT II bahwa tingkat pemanfaatan (0,5) tergolong tinggi, dan merupakan indikasi bahwa tingkat pemanfaatan telah pada atau melebihi batas maksimal lestari. Hasil survey/monitoring menunjukkan bahwa populasi endemik tidak pada kondisi steady state dan menunjukkan penurunan tajam dalam dekade terakhir. Terindikasi kuat bahwa penyebab utama penurunan tersebut adalah degradasi habitat, antara lain akibat pemanfaatan lebih mikrohabitat (bulu babi dan anemon laut). Tanpa solusi efektif untuk melestarikan ekosistem pendukung, P. kauderni akan semakin terancam punah, dengan atau tanpa adanya penangkapan. Kasus BCF menunjukkan pentingya pendekatan ecosystem-based approach terhadap kebijakan dan manajemen perikanan tangkap.</p><p><br />Kata kunci: ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management, Pterapogon kauderni,<br />pengkajian stok, sustainable ornamental fishery</p>

Lobster fisheries play a very important role in the development of Indonesian fisheries management. Lobster fishing for Indonesian people plays a role in the economic, social and political fields. The key reason for this important role is because lobster fisheries are dominated by small-scale fishermen. Lobster also has ecological functions that play a key role in a benthic aquatic ecosystem. Tropical lobsters in the Panulirus group in Indonesian waters (Eastern Indian Ocean) are the most species and have high endemic levels. It is reasonable if the Indonesian government makes lobster fisheries as one of the fisheries groups that need to be considered in its territorial fisheries management (FMARI: Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia). Each management area has different ecological characteristics. Differences in ecological conditions will cause differences in the composition of lobster species. For the sake of lobster fisheries management in each region, it is necessary to specify indicator species on the spatial and temporal scale. This study aims to identify lobster species of the genus Panulirus in the FMARI 573 eastern part of Indonesian waters. Data retrieval is done by taking samples from lobster fishermen. Sampling locations include Kebumen, Trenggalek, Blitar, Lumajang, Jember, and Sumenep. The sampling time was carried out in August-September 2018. Data was analyzed descriptively by identifying morphologically and recording the number of individuals per species. Identification of samples is carried out at the study site and also in the laboratory. The study found six lobster species, namely: Panulirus ornatus (Udang mutiara), P. homarus (U. pasir), P. penicillatus (U. batu), P. versicolor (U. bambu), P. longipes (U. batik) and P. polyphagus (U. pakistan) with the type of sand most often found among the study sites. Further research needs to be done to look at the distribution and connectivity of lobster populations by analyzing species variation in each life phase (larvae / puerullus, juvenile, adult) at a certain space and time scale.

Lobster fisheries play an important role in the development of Indonesian fisheries management. The tropical lobster genus Panulirus has high species diversity in the Indonesian Eastern Indian Ocean. The Indonesian government has designated lobster fisheries as one of the types of fisheries requiring special attention in 11 of the Fisheries Management Areas in the Republic of Indonesia (FMARI). Each management area has specific ecological characteristics and may have unique lobster species richness. Studies on the temporal and spatial distribution of lobster species during all life phases are necessary to determine the connectivity of lobster populations. This study aimed to identify the species of lobster larvae of the genus Panulirus in FMARI 573. Samples were collected from several locations, including Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Banyuwangi, and Lombok, in July-August 2018. Data were analysed descriptively through species identification based on morphological traits. Identification of the samples was carried out at the sampling site and in the laboratory. The study found six species of lobster larvae: Panulirus ornatus (local name udang mutiara), P. homarus (udang pasir), P. penicillatus (udang batu), P. versicolor (udang bambu), P. longipes (udang batik) and P. polyphagus (udang Pakistan). These species were unevenly distributed at the study sites. Further research is needed to analyse the distribution and connectivity of lobster populations by analysing species composition during different life phases (larva/puerulus, juvenile, adult) at different spatial and temporal scales.

Increase national maize production has not been followed by an increase in maize productivity per unit area because maize was grown on land that was not suitable with these land quality. This study aims to determine the land quality that control of local maize production. This research was conducted at the Gorontalo Regency. A total of 33 mapping units had been established containing data of soil properties, climate and terrain divided into land quality, as well as data of local maize production. A partial least square of structural equation models (PLS-SEM) analysis was used to determine the land quality and characteristics that control of local maize production through testing the validity and reliability of variables, as well as testing structural models. The results showed that the all manifest variables were valid and able to explain well the latent variables, except for texture, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. Furthermore, the latent variables temperature, water availability, oxygen availability, nutrient retention, nutrients availability, sodicity, erosion hazard, flood hazard, and land preparation used has good composite reliability and high reliability because of the composite reliability and alpha cronbach >0.6, except for rooting media. Land quality that control of the local maize production were the oxygen availability (X1), rooting media (X2), nutrient retention (X3), nutrients availability (X4), erosion hazard (X5), and land preparation (X6) with the best equation: Y = 1.805 + 0.276X1 + 0.303X2 + 0.353X3 + 0.346X4 -0.337X5 -0.303X6. The land characteristics that control of the local maize production were drainage (X1), coarse material (X2), effective depth (X3), pH KCl (X4), C-organic (X5), total N (X6), available K (X7), slope (X8), soil erosion (X9), surface rock (X10) and rock outcrop (X11) with the best equation: Y = 2.447 + 0.187X1 -0.212X2 + 0.153X3 + 0.349X4 + 0.166X5 + 0.169X6 + 0.313X7 -0.352X8 -0.230X9 -0.237X10 -0.187X11.