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Application Package Software (APS) has emerged as a ready-to-use solution for the software industry. The software system comprises of a number of components which can be either purchased from the vendor in the form of COTS (Commercial Off-the-Shelf) or can be built in-house. Such a decision is known as Build-or-Buy decision. Under the situations wherein the software has the responsibility of supervising life-critical systems, the inception of errors in software due to inadequate or incomplete testing, is not acceptable. Such life-critical systems enforces upon meeting the quality standards of the software as unforbiddenable. This can be achieved by incorporating a fault-tolerant design that enables a system to continue its intended operation rather than failing completely when some part of the system fails. Moreover, while designing a fault-tolerant system, it must be apprehended that 100% fault tolerance can never be achieved and the closer we try to get to 100%, the more costly the system will be. The proposed model shall incorporate consensus recovery block scheme of fault tolerant techniques. Through this paper, we shall focus on build-or-buy decision for an APS in order to facilitate optimal component selection thereby, maximizing the reliability and minimizing the overall cost and source lines of code of the entire system. Further, since the proposed problem has incompleteness and unreliability of input information such as execution time and cost, hence, the environment in the proposed model is taken as fuzzy.

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Our findings suggest comparable rates of VAO for children less than 2 years of age receiving different types of hydrophobic acrylic IOLs.

Purpose: Leser-Trélat syndrome consists of appearance of a solid tumor-like carcinoma breast, colon, or stomach following eruption of multiple seborrheic keratoses (SK) of the skin. We present an unusual and possibly the first case report of Leser-Trélat syndrome in a male patient with a history of mastectomy for breast carcinoma who presented to us with a second malignancy in the form of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the lower eyelid. Procedure: A 75-year-old male presented in 2014 with a history of modified radical mastectomy for infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the left breast which was performed 11 years prior to the day of presentation. Breast carcinoma was diagnosed following eruption of multiple SK at the same time. In the previous 3 years he noted a nodulo-ulcerative growth over the lateral aspect of the right lower eyelid which was clinically diagnosed as BCC. Mass excision under frozen section control and lid reconstruction was performed. Diagnosis of BCC was confirmed on histopathological examination of the excised specimen. Results and Conclusions: Though a previously unobserved entity, our case supports the importance of Leser-Trélat sign and its relevance to affected individuals, as early recognition and prompt treatment of a low-stage cancer offers good prognosis.

Amniotic band syndrome is a rare congenital disorder caused by entrapment of fetal parts (usually a limb or digits) in fibrous amniotic bands while in utero that presents with complex multisystem anomalies. The authors report 2 children with amniotic band syndrome who presented to the ophthalmic unit of the authors' pediatric hospital. One of them presented with telecanthus, syndactyly, amputated toes, and unilateral epiphora diagnosed as congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. She was managed conservatively with lacrimal sac massage and provided with refractive correction while she simultaneously underwent multiple surgeries for correction of clubfoot and craniosynostosis. The second patient presented with cleft lip, cleft palate, multiple constriction bands in upper limbs and fingers with unilateral microphthalmos, microcornea, typical iris coloboma, and retinochoroidal coloboma, very similar to a case reported in literature. These 2 cases provide an overview of the clinical spectrum of ophthalmic manifestations along with their staged optimum rehabilitation.