Experimental observation of avalanche multiplication in charge-coupled devices

Madan, Siddharth; Bhaumik, Basabi; Vasi, J.

doi:10.1109/t-ed.1983.21191

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…T HE ELECTRON multiplying charge-coupled devices (EMCCDs) use impact ionization to provide high gain in the charge domain [1]. This enables performance with an equivalent input noise of much less than 1 rms electron at pixel rates up to and beyond those required for TV imaging applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The noise performance of electron multiplying charge-coupled devices

Robbins

Hadwen

2003

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

288

178

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Abstract-Electron multiplying charge-coupled devices (EMCCDs) enable imaging with subelectron noise up to video frame rates and beyond, providing the multiplication gain is sufficiently high. The ultra-low noise, high resolution, high-quantum efficiency, and robustness to over exposure make these sensors ideally suited to applications traditionally served by image intensifiers. One important performance parameter of such low-light imaging systems is the noise introduced by the gain process. This work investigates the noise introduced by the electron multiplication within the EMCCD. The theory and measurements of the excess noise factor are presented. The measurement technique for determining the excess noise factor is described in detail. The results show that the noise performance matches that of the ideal staircase avalanche photodiode. A Monte Carlo method for simulating the low-light level images is demonstrated and the results compared with practical experience.Index Terms-Charge-coupled devices (CCD), image intensifiers, low-light level imaging, noise, photon counting, single photon detection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A noise factor can be defined by the following [4]: (1) where is the mean gain and and are the variances of the input and output signals, respectively. If the gain process adds no noise, then the noise factor will be unity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The noise performance of electron multiplying charge-coupled devices

Robbins

Hadwen

2003

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

288

178

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“…The solid state EM register was appended in between the normal serial register and the final detection nodes (Jerram et al 2001). A concept, viz., impact ionization, in silicon was utilized to provide gain in the charge domain of an EMCCD (Madan et al 1983). This was achieved by operating the gain register at high clock voltage to encourage avalanche multiplication.…”

Section: Emccd Camera and Control Softwarementioning

confidence: 99%

A multimodal spectrometer for Raman scattering and near-infrared absorption measurement

Wang

Paliwal

2014

Vibrational Spectroscopy

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In food and pharmaceutical industries, the compositional complexity of raw materials and products promotes the use of multiple spectroscopic techniques. Availability of complementary methods, e.g., infrared absorption and Raman, is highly desirable. A multimodal Raman/NIR spectroscopic device was proposed. The device offered fast, non-destructive measurement, and remote sensing capability. A prototype was built.Spectral range covered 300-2600 cm -1 for Raman channel. Wavelength accuracy was better than 0.57 nm. Spectral resolution was better than 14.39 cm -1 (1 nm) for Raman (NIR) channel. Spectral response linearity was better than 0.998. Instrumental stability was better than 0.72% (0.39%) for Raman (NIR) channel.The device was applied to quantify ethanol aqueous solutions (2%-10% (v/v)).Quantitation results gave a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.45% (v/v). Calibration using NIR absorbance spectra produced a RMSEP value of 0.49% Conformational change of ovalbumin upon thermal denaturation was studied using the height and area ratios between peaks at 1243.35 and 1662.66 cm -1 . Thermal denaturation of ovalbumin occurred at 70 °C and extensive formation of anti-parallel β-sheet structure was found at 90 °C.ii The unique capability of this multimodal device was proven by first performing data fusion of Raman and NIR spectra for quantitation. Using the same ethanol spectra set gave a more complicated model and a higher RMSEP of 0.73% (v/v). However, important variables in fused spectra corresponded well with the spectral signatures of ethanol and water. Two-dimensional correlation spectra were calculated using concentration as the external perturbation. Paliwal, for his generous support, unfailing guidance, and inspiring optimism that helped me grow both professionally and academically throughout the years.

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“…The electron multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD), such as the e2v L3CCD, uses impact ionization in silicon to provide gain in the charge domain 1 . This enables performance with an input equivalent noise of less than 1 rms electron at pixel rates up to and beyond those required for TV imaging applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%