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Resveratrol is a polyphenolic antioxidant whose possible health benefits include anticarcinogenic, antiaging, and antimicrobial properties that have gained significant attention. The compound is well accepted by individuals and has been commonly used as a nutraceutical in recent decades. Its widespread usage makes it essential to study as a single agent as well as in combination with traditional prescription antibiotics as regards to antimicrobial properties. Resveratrol demonstrates the action of antimicrobials against a remarkable bacterial diversity, viruses, and fungus. This report explains resveratrol as an all-natural antimicrobial representative. It may modify the bacterial virulence qualities resulting in decreased toxic substance production, biofilm inhibition, motility reduction, and quorum sensing disturbance. Moreover, in conjunction with standard antibiotics, resveratrol improves aminoglycoside efficacy versus Staphylococcus aureus, while it antagonizes the deadly function of fluoroquinolones against S. aureus and also Escherichia coli. The present study aimed to thoroughly review and study the antimicrobial potency of resveratrol, expected to help researchers pave the way for solving antimicrobial resistance.

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The essential oil of ziziphora exhibited a favourable antibacterial effect on ; therefore, its extract can be used as an effective antimicrobial agent alone or in association with other antibiotics in the treatment of infections due to.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have emerged as an important cause of opportunistic nosocomial infections. NTM has frequently been isolated from hospital water distribution systems. The aim of this study was to survey the risk of NTM infections and determine the prevalence of NTM species in the hospital water distribution systems in Tabriz, Iran. One hundred and twenty samples of water from different sources of Tabriz hospitals were collected. The samples were filtered through 0.45-µm pore size membranes and decontaminated with 0.01% cetylpyridinium chloride. The sediment was inoculated onto Lowenstein-Jensen medium and incubated for 8 weeks. For identification to the species level, partial sequence analysis of the hsp65 and 16S rRNA genes were used. NTM were detected in 76 (63.3%) of 120 samples. Potentially pathogenic mycobacteria and saprophytic mycobacteria were isolated. Mycobacterium gordonae was the only single species that was present in all types of water. The prevalence of NTM in Tabriz hospitals' water compared with many investigations on hospital waters was high. This indicates that the immunocompromised patients and transplant recipients are at risk of contamination which necessitates considering decontamination of water sources to prevent such potential hazards.

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Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokine genes may alter the level and function of secreted cytokine; therefore, SNPs can influence the immune response. The aim of the present study was to determine the association of TNF-α-308G/A single nucleotide polymorphism in tuberculosis patients in the Azeri population of Iran. The TNF-308G/A single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region was genotyped by using the allele-specific PCR method in 200 healthy controls and 124 tuberculosis patients. The distribution of allele frequencies for TNF-α-308G/A polymorphism between control and tuberculosis patient groups was not significant (P-value = 0.058, OR = 1.5). Furthermore, no statistically significant association was found between TNF-α-308G/A genotype and resistance/susceptibility to TB (P-value = 0.102). Our results suggest that TNF-α-308G/A polymorphism has no measurable effect on the development of tuberculosis in Azeri population of Iran.

Background: Clostridium difficile is known as a prevalent pathogen leading to infections ranging from mild diarrhea to severe disease and death. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of C. difficile from inpatients with nosocomial diarrhea hospitalized in different wards in the northwest region of Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 485 diarrheal stool samples were collected from 384 patients referred from different wards of Imam Reza, Sina and Pediatric hospitals, Tabriz and transferred to the laboratory from 25 March 2015 till 1 March 2018. Immuno-chromatographicassay for detection of toxins A and B of C. difficile was used for identification. Results: Clostridium difficile was isolated from 24 (4.7%) out of 485 samples. Fifteen patients(62.5%) were males and 9 were females (37.5%). Twelve positive patients were from the gastrointestinal ward (50%), 5 patients (20.8%) from surgery ward, 3 patients from infectious disease ward (12.5%), 3 patients from rheumatology ward (12.5%) and 1 patient (4.1%) were collected from neurology ward. 95.3% of diarrhea samples had no signs from toxin A and B. Conclusion: These results indicate most of infected patients were from the gastrointestinaland surgery wards which show a different pattern of infection compared to previous studies.The neurology department had the lowest rate of infection. C. difficile is a health threat afterantibiotic consumption and for health promotion, developing strategies for less antibioticconsumption and preventing these emerging infections is critical. The low rate of this infection shows improvement in knowledge and effect of stewardships in physicians.