Objectives: To investigate the complications of the oocyte retrieval procedure currently used in in vitro fertilisation. Material and methods:We examined 1.031 patients who underwent oocyte retrieval in the IVF unit of our hospital for complications developed during and after the procedure. Results:No complications developed related to sedation or general anaesthesia. Vaginal bleeding was observed in 3.1% of the patients. There was no intra-abdominal bleeding or pelvic organ injuries requiring surgery. Two patients developed pelvic abscesses. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) occurred in 1.45% of the patients. Almost all of the patients tolerated the oocyte retrieval process well. After the procedure, only 2% of the patients described their pain as severe, and 0.4% as the worst pain they had ever experienced. Conclusions:The most common complication during oocyte retrieval is vaginal bleeding, which is largely controlled by buffer application. In conclusion, the oocyte retrieval process can be considered a safe procedure.

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Purpose To evaluate the relationship of clinical pregnancy rates with bone morphogenetic proteins 2-4-7 (BMP 2, 4, 7), growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF 9), and Emmprin levels in follicular fluid of intracytoplasmic sperm injection patients. Methods Follicular fluid of 77 patients who underwent ICSI procedure was collected during the oocyte retrieval procedure. And follicular fluid levels of BMP 2, BMP 4, BMP 7, GDF 9, and Emmprin (Basigin) were measured and compared for clinical pregnancy rates. Results Follicular levels of BMP 4 was significantly higher whereas Emmprin levels were lower in patients who had achieved clinically diagnosed pregnancy compared with those who did not achieve clinical pregnancy after ICSI procedure (P = 0.007 and P = 0.035, respectively). BMP 2, BMP 7, and GDF 9 levels were comparable for both groups. Conclusion Clinical pregnancy rates after ICSI may be associated with follicular fluid levels of Emmprin and BMP 4. Follicular levels of Emmprin and BMP 4 can be used as a marker (as markers for predicting ICSI outcomes) for a better ICSI outcome.

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Aim: To determine whether performing incision on the surface of the ovarian cortex in rats advances follicular development. Methods: Five to seven separate superficial incisions were performed on the surface of right ovaries of 6-7month-old albino Wistar rats. Daily 40 IU of gonadotropins were administered for 14 days. On the 15th day, both ovaries of the rats were removed. The right (incised) ovaries were compared with the contralateral ovaries in terms of ovary's weight, numbers of primordial, primary, secondary and antral follicles, their mean percentages and mean Ki-67 proliferation indices. Results: A total of 22 ovaries were evaluated, with 11 right ovaries (incised) and 11 left ovaries (nonincised). The mean weight of ovaries was greater in the right ovaries than in the left ovaries; however, no statistical difference was found between them (0.77 AE 1.22 vs. 0.22 AE 0.08 gr, P = 0.159). The numbers of secondary and antral follicle were statistically higher in the right ovaries than in the left ovaries (4.4 AE 1.5 vs. 2.1 AE 1.6, P = 0.003 and 18.6 AE 8.7 vs. 11.3 AE 7.5, P = 0.046, respectively). The right ovaries also significantly differed from the left ovaries in terms of mean percentages of primordial and antral follicles (P < 0.05 for both). The mean Ki-67 proliferation index had a marginal difference between the groups (P = 0.064). Conclusion: Performing incisions on the surface of the ovarian cortex in rats may advance the ovarian follicular development. Future animal studies may provide more evidence regarding potential benefits of mechanical stimulation to the ovaries.

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Background: Our aim in this study was to evaluate whether endometrial receptivity assay (ERA) test improves single, autologous euploid frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) outcomes in patients with repeated implantation failure. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study which was conducted in a University affiliated private hospital. The study included 135 patients with repeated implantation failure who underwent single, autologous euploid ERA adjusted and non-adjusted FET. Patients were stratified into three groups, patients with receptive endometrium based on the ERA test, patients with non-receptive endometrium based on the ERA test and patients who did not receive the ERA test (control group). The three groups were compared in terms of FET outcomes. Results: Of 135 patients, 73 had the ERA test results available and 62 did not have the ERA test. Of 73 patients, 28 had non-receptive endometrium and 45 had receptive endometrium. The three groups are all the same in terms of age, body mass index, type of infertility, duration of infertility, number of previously embryo transfers and infertility causes (p > 0.05). Live birth rates were 46%, 50% and 51% for receptive, nonreceptive and control groups, respectively (p > 0.05). Implantation and clinical pregnancy rates were similar between the groups, as well. Conclusions: Adjusting the embryo transfer day according to the ERA test results seems to improve FET outcomes in patients with repeated implantation failure.