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The article contains a retrospective of the development of extraction of mineral resources in the mountain ecosystem of the Eastern Caucasus; the stages of environmental tension growth in various components of the biosphere of the region are also shown. It has been proved that in the areas of dislocation of existing mountain objects, landscapes and soils, which are an integral part of ecosystems, are distinguished by a pronounced zoning, each of which has certain components that influence the formation of ecological situation. The studies have shown that pollution of the soil horizon with heavy and toxic metals leads to depletion and degradation of the natural environment, a radical transformation of the landscape, leading fragmentarily to its steady destruction. It is shown that the ecological technical capacity of the territory depends on the volume of the air basin (in mountain canyons, gorges it reaches 200 meters height from the base), the totality of reservoirs of drains, land areas and soil reserves, the bulk of flora and fauna species; biochemical circulation flow rates (speed, mass of gas exchange, pure water increment, soil formation processes and biota productivity). The ecological situation formed under such conditions needs to be improved by adopting special scientifically grounded organizational, technical and technological measures to reduce the ecological load to the ecosystem of mountain landscapes and restore sustainable forms of its functioning. The results of the research given in the article can be useful for environmental agencies, design institutions and existing mining enterprises for taking necessary environmental measures to ensure sustainable development of the natural-technical system under the conditions of mountain landscapes of the Caucasus. Keywords-extraction of mineral resources; landscape degradation; heavy metals; soil horizon; ecological technical capacity of territories; region biosphere; components of the biosphere; landscape properties.VIII

The article presents the results of a study of vital activity of nodule bacteria of Trifolium praténse, Trifolium hibridum, Trifolium alexandrinum and Trifolium incarnatum as environmentally friendly bioindicators in soil toxicity assessment. The study focused on the number of nodules and their stain with leghemoglobin. The materials were taken from the plots artificially contaminated with heavy metals (lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), fluorine (F), zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co)). The results of the experiments showed that environmental distress occurs when the nitrogen-fixing nodules are stained pink or red in the range of 8-15%, which indicates that the lead content in the soil exceeds the threshold limit value (TLV) by 1.2-1.5 times. A significant decrease in nodule activity and weak or no stain were observed with an increase in mercury concentration by 1.1 times. It was found that the mass of rhizobium or the supply of organic nitrogen obtained by plants from fixation from the air is directly dependent on the grass density. At high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil, the nodule bacteria lose the amount of leghemoglobin, therefore the stain of bacteria is disrupted, so this indicator can be used as a bioindicator in soil toxicity assessment.

In the mining industry place, tailing dumps remain, which contain toxic substances. For their rehabilitation, it is proposed to use local zeolite-containing clays of North and South Ossetia Eredvit and Dialbekulit containing a complex of minerals with an alkaline reaction of the environment. In addition to clays, peat with a high content of humic substances is introduced into the substrate. The prepared substrate is irrigated with mineral sulfur-containing water of the Tamisk spring. Accumulating toxic substances and herbs are sown on the surface of the densified area: annual and perennial herbs, for example, amaranth, legumes, winter camelina. Before sowing, grass seeds are mixed with the husk of winter camelina. Such remediation of contaminated sites reduces the toxicity of tailings to 90 % and restores soil fertility.

The paper presents the results of research on the formation of complex hybrid populations, and evaluates collection samples of clover, alfalfa, and sainfoin based on a set of economically valuable traits for creating hay-pasture varieties. The research was based on promising plants and their biomechanical mixture, which was sown in a wide row and individually in a row. Weak and underdeveloped plants were mowed down by negative selection. During the period of budding - the beginning of flowering, economic and valuable traits were taken into account, cutting plants at a height of 10-12 cm. The direct dependence of seed formation of the studied crops on weather conditions is noted. In the first year of life, alfalfa plants developed unevenly, reaching a maximum height of 58 cm and a minimum height of 26 cm. Evaluation of the productivity of the studied legume grasses (clover, alfalfa, esparcet), which was determined by the calculation method based on the mass of seeds from one plant, showed that the maximum level of seed yield was formed by samples that exceeded the standard variety by 15-20%. Polycross nurseries were created for three crops (clover, alfalfa, and sainfoin). Samples were selected for a complex of economically valuable features. Correlation dependences of selected plants on the number of internodes and seed productivity were revealed. Plants were selected based on their productivity and adaptability to form new varieties. A data bank of clover, alfalfa and sainfoin was created to form varieties with high seed productivity.

Работа выполнена в условиях предгорной зоны Кабардино-Балкарского района при недостаточном и неустойчивом увлажнении. Для опытов использовались современные системы капельного орошения. По результатам опытов видно как орошение влияет на развитие и продуктивность растений сладкой кукурузы. В исследованиях использовали пять вариантов уровня орошения. После проведения анализа полученных данных выявили наиболее оптимальную норму орошения и рекомендовали использовать в дальнейшем при производстве сахарной кукурузы. Наблюдения показали, что в начале вегетации фазы роста у растений сахарной кукурузы проходили на всех вариантах одинаково, появление всходов отмечалось за годы исследований на 8-11 сутки. В дальнейшем, с изменением условий влагообеспеченности наблюдалось различие в датах наступления основных фаз вегетации. На втором варианте фазы роста практически совпадали с контрольным вариантом, но фазы цветения початков и технической спелости увеличились на одни сутки. На третьем и четвертом вариантах основные фазы вегетации сократились на 1-2 суток в сравнении с контролем. На варианте без орошения шло наиболее ускоренное развитие этой культуры, и техническая спелость наступила на 4-7 суток раньше, чем на других вариантах опыта. Прибавка урожая от уровня орошения следовала той же закономерности с уменьшением уровня соответствия количества получаемой влаги потребностям растений величина получаемой прибавки урожая снижалась. На контрольном варианте прибавка урожая товарных початков от орошения составила 9,6 т/га или 89, в т. ч. зерна 4,18 т/га или 94, а на втором варианте она возросла соответственно до 12,3 и 5,55 т/га, что в процентном отношении составило 114 и 125.The work was performed in the conditions of the submontane zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian region with insufficient and unstable moisture. Modern drip irrigation systems were used for the experiments. The results of the experiments show how irrigation has an effect on the development and productivity of sweet corn plants. The studies used five variants of the irrigation level. After analyzing the data obtained, the most optimal irrigation rate was identified and recommended to be used in the future for the production of sugar corn. Observations showed that at the beginning of the growing season, the growth phases of sugar corn plants were the same for all variants, the emergence of seedlings was noted on 8-11 days during the years of research. Later, with changes in moisture conditions, there was a difference in the dates of onset of the main phases of vegetation. In the second variant, the growth phases almost coincided with the control variant, but the phases of corn cobs flowering and technical ripeness enlarged by one day. In the third and fourth variants, the main phases of vegetation were reduced by 1-2 days in comparison with the control. In the non-irrigated version, the most accelerated development of this crop took place, and technical ripeness occurred 4-7 days earlier than in other versions of the experiment. The increase in yield depending on the level of irrigation followed the same pattern with a decrease in the level of correspondence of the amount of received moisture to the needs of plants, the value of the resulting crop increase decreased. In the control version, the increase in the yield of commercial corn cobs from irrigation was 9.6 t / ha or 89, including grain 4.18 t / ha or 94, and in the second version, it increased to 12.3 and 5.55 t / ha respectively, which in percentage terms amounted to 114 and 125.

The article presents the results of studies on the seeding time of perennial forage crops in the foothill area of North Ossetia-Alania. An agricultural method which is necessary is the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with natural agronomic ores in a ratio of 1:2 and simultaneous seed scarification. The studies revealed that the most optimal seeding time in terms of field germination and plant safety for harvesting for all the studied crops was the variant of the middle seeding time in the second ten-day period of May, when the soil temperature was warmed up to 12-14 °C. Also, when seeded late, the plantings of the studied crops significantly decreased in terms of leaf area—by 1.9 thousand m2/ha for burnet, by 1.2 thousand m2/ha for clover, by 1.5 thousand m2/ha for medicago, by 1.5 thousand m2/ha for sainfoin, by 1.5 thousand m2/ha for galega, by 0.8 thousand m2/ha for festulolium. Over four years, the average biochemical composition of perennial grasses of different seeding periods did not differ significantly in the content of forage units, digestible protein and metabolic energy. Thus, depending on the seeding time, fluctuations in the content of forage units were as follows: 2.21-2.24 t/ha for clover; 2.09-2.21 t/ha for medicago; 2.34-2.46 t/ha for sainfoin; 2.69-2.79 t/ha for galega; 2.27-2.41 t/ha for festulolium; 2.56-2.74 t/ha for burnet. The digestible protein content, respectively: 0.37-0.44 t/ha for clover; 0.51-0.55 t/ha for medicago; 0.49-0.54 t/ha for sainfoin; 0.43-0.57 t/ha for galega; 0.38-0.44 t/ha for festulolium; 0.57-0.64 t/ha for burnet. The output of metabolic energy was: 48.9-51.7 GJ t/ha for clover; 38.4-43.2 GJ t/ha for medicago; 39.3-42.4 GJ t/ha for sainfoin; 41.7-46.3 GJ t/ha for galega; 48.7-52.3 GJ t/ha for festulolium; 40.5-42.7 t/ha for burnet. Moreover, the crops of early and medium time of seeding had the highest values of biochemical composition.

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