Работа выполнена в условиях предгорной зоны Кабардино-Балкарского района при недостаточном и неустойчивом увлажнении. Для опытов использовались современные системы капельного орошения. По результатам опытов видно как орошение влияет на развитие и продуктивность растений сладкой кукурузы. В исследованиях использовали пять вариантов уровня орошения. После проведения анализа полученных данных выявили наиболее оптимальную норму орошения и рекомендовали использовать в дальнейшем при производстве сахарной кукурузы. Наблюдения показали, что в начале вегетации фазы роста у растений сахарной кукурузы проходили на всех вариантах одинаково, появление всходов отмечалось за годы исследований на 8-11 сутки. В дальнейшем, с изменением условий влагообеспеченности наблюдалось различие в датах наступления основных фаз вегетации. На втором варианте фазы роста практически совпадали с контрольным вариантом, но фазы цветения початков и технической спелости увеличились на одни сутки. На третьем и четвертом вариантах основные фазы вегетации сократились на 1-2 суток в сравнении с контролем. На варианте без орошения шло наиболее ускоренное развитие этой культуры, и техническая спелость наступила на 4-7 суток раньше, чем на других вариантах опыта. Прибавка урожая от уровня орошения следовала той же закономерности с уменьшением уровня соответствия количества получаемой влаги потребностям растений величина получаемой прибавки урожая снижалась. На контрольном варианте прибавка урожая товарных початков от орошения составила 9,6 т/га или 89, в т. ч. зерна 4,18 т/га или 94, а на втором варианте она возросла соответственно до 12,3 и 5,55 т/га, что в процентном отношении составило 114 и 125.The work was performed in the conditions of the submontane zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian region with insufficient and unstable moisture. Modern drip irrigation systems were used for the experiments. The results of the experiments show how irrigation has an effect on the development and productivity of sweet corn plants. The studies used five variants of the irrigation level. After analyzing the data obtained, the most optimal irrigation rate was identified and recommended to be used in the future for the production of sugar corn. Observations showed that at the beginning of the growing season, the growth phases of sugar corn plants were the same for all variants, the emergence of seedlings was noted on 8-11 days during the years of research. Later, with changes in moisture conditions, there was a difference in the dates of onset of the main phases of vegetation. In the second variant, the growth phases almost coincided with the control variant, but the phases of corn cobs flowering and technical ripeness enlarged by one day. In the third and fourth variants, the main phases of vegetation were reduced by 1-2 days in comparison with the control. In the non-irrigated version, the most accelerated development of this crop took place, and technical ripeness occurred 4-7 days earlier than in other versions of the experiment. The increase in yield depending on the level of irrigation followed the same pattern with a decrease in the level of correspondence of the amount of received moisture to the needs of plants, the value of the resulting crop increase decreased. In the control version, the increase in the yield of commercial corn cobs from irrigation was 9.6 t / ha or 89, including grain 4.18 t / ha or 94, and in the second version, it increased to 12.3 and 5.55 t / ha respectively, which in percentage terms amounted to 114 and 125.
The article discusses the results of a study on an environmentally friendly and safe technique aimed at reducing weeds on experimental agricultural lands. The technique consists in sowing a crop with high allelopathic properties: in the steam field, the winter false flax was sown in a mixture with annual clover shabdar in a ratio of 2:1, and in the phase of flowering the above-ground mass of both crops was mown and ploughed as a siderat. In another experiment, amaranth, which has high competitiveness, was sown in rows on corn sown in broad rows. A few days before sowing corn stimulated the growth of weeds with mineral fertilizers ammonium nitrate. After the appearance of weeds, a mixture of a half dose of the herbicide and Nikfan biological product was introduced. Upon reaching the developmental phase of corn of 5-6 leaves, amaranth in the aisles was ploughed as a siderat. Used in crop rotation crops, winter false flax, panicled amaranth, have a high allelopathic feature, reducing the number of weeds. As a result of the studies revealed a significant reduction in weeds. This technology of weed control significantly reduces the cost of weed control and creates favourable conditions for obtaining quality products.
Вопрос использования травосмесей в фиторемедиации изучен слабо, поэтому мы предложили некоторые варианты новых видов растений, способных произрастать на загрязненных землях и при этом аккумулировать загрязнители надземной биомассой. В случае загрязнения почв тяжелыми металлами нами предлагается в первый год рекультивации использовать однолетние растения с большой биомассой, способной за первый год вывести из биологического круговорота до 50 % загрязнителя. Изучая растения на токсических почвах, определяли их аккумулирующие способности и использовали их как фитомелиоранты. В нескольких опытах использовали растения-индикаторы: амарант, клевер, люцерну, вязель, стевию, амброзию, рыжик озимый в смеси с однолетним видом клевера и другие, которые при накоплении максимальной биомассы запахивали в почву в смеси с цеолитсодержащими глинами местного значения. Результаты опытов показали, что с помощью растений-индикаторов можно не только улучшить плодородие почв, но и значительно снизить количество тяжелых металлов, нефтепродуктов, радионуклиды, остаточные явления химических средств борьбы с сорной растительностью, болезнями и вредителями. Большое значение в снижении токсичности почв имели и органические отходы сельскохозяйственного производства: кукурузные кочерыжки, корзинки подсолнечника, отходы спиртового производства -послеспиртовая барда. а также листовой опад, заделываемые в почву с биопрепаратами. Для активизации запахиваемой органической массы применяли парааминобензойную кислоту (ПАБК). Результаты опытов показали значительное снижение токсикантов в почве при использовании органических отходов и запашке растений в качестве зеленого удобрения в смеси с цеолитсодержащими глинами и биопрепаратами. Ключевые слова: растения-аккумуляторы, биопрепараты, растительные отходы, органическое вещество, запашка растенийThe use of grass mixtures in phytoremediation is poorly studied, so we suggested some variants of new plant species that can grow on polluted lands and, at the same time, accumulate contaminants with aboveground biomass. In case of soil contamination with heavy metals, we propose to use annual plants with a large biomass in the first year of reclamation, capable of removing up to 50 % of the pollutant from the biological cycle in the first year. Studying plants on toxic soils, they determined their accumulating abilities and used them as phytomeliorants. In several experiments we used indicator plants: amaranth, clover, alfalfa, Vasel, stevia, ragweed, winter bilberry mixed with one-year-old clover, and others that were plowed into the soil when accumulated with maximum biomass mixed with local zeolite clays. The results of the experiments showed that using indicator plants can not only improve soil fertility, but also significantly reduce the amount of heavy metals, petroleum products, radionuclides, residual chemical agents against weeds, diseases and pests. Organic waste of agricultural production was of great importance in reducing the toxicity of soils: corn stalks, sunflower baskets, alcohol production waste...
Buckwheat is known for its long, time-extended period of the formation and filling and ripening of grains, and besides it is very prone to the scattering of grain. In this regard, one of the most important conditions for collecting high yields of buckwheat without loss is the harvesting of crops in the optimal time. In the production of very frequent situations in which it is necessary to delay harvesting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes and establish the dynamics of losses from the shedding of buckwheat grain yields depending on the standstill for 5, 10, 15 days after the onset of the phase of complete ripeness of grains, as well as from the imported mineral fertilizers calculated by the balance method for obtaining pre-planned harvests. It was found that the best values of the 1000 grains mass index are formed in cases with agricultural backgrounds for harvesting 30 centners per hectare, as well as with the optimal harvesting time - 31.5 g, with a delay of 5, 10 and 15 days the value of this indicator decreased by 2.1, 5.5 and 8.5 g, accordingly. The same trend was observed for indicator of weight of seeds per bushel. 15 days delay in harvesting since start of mass ripening reduced the grain content both in the control and in all investigated agricultural backgrounds of nutrition: case No. 1 - from 662 to 627 g / l, №2 - from 688 to 647, №3 - from 689 up to 641 and 4 - from 699 to 643 g / l.
Environmental changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors are shown. Ecosystems accumulate toxic substances. A list of plants accumulating heavy metals is given. Using plants as indicators of toxicity, contaminated sites are determined and methods for restoring soil fertility are applied. The doses of introducing zeolite-containing clays together with phytoindicators are justified. The greatest sorption capacity was shown by the ragweed plant. As sorbents for restoring the environment and improving soil fertility, plant wastes, such as corn cobs, sunflower heads, are used. The studies were conducted in various soils of the North Caucasus. Measures to reduce the toxic load on the ecosystem were theoretically and practically justified. The maximum amount of toxic substances accumulates in ragweed. Indicator plants can be widely used in the rehabilitation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and other chemicals.
The article presents the data of the research results on the use of microfertilizers and microbiological preparations on soybean crops in the conditions of the foothill zone of the KBR. Based on the results obtained during the field experiment, we made the following conclusion that the introduction of soybeans on production crops, the use of 125 a.i. borated superphosphate for chilly plowing is beneficial. It was experimentally confirmed that the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with manganese sulfate (20 g per hectare seed rate), zinc sulfate (10 g per hectare seed rate), 50% ammonium molybdate (50 g per hectare seed rate) in combination with the drug Haystic (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) - 400 g per hectare of seeds will allow producers in Kabardino-Balkaria to receive a stable increase in the yield of soybeans of 1.1 t / ha or more than 60%.
In the foothill zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in 2013-2015, studies were carried out in order to study the effect of growth regulators and rhizotorfin on the formation of elements of the structure of the chickpea crop. The objects of research were the varieties of chickpeas “Golden Jubilee” and “Privo 1”. The background for testing biological preparations was pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with rhizotorphin based on nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their treatment with microelements (P120K60MoV). The following drugs were used: Albit, Alfastim, Potassium / sodium humate with microelements. The use of growth regulators and rhizotorfin has a positive effect on field germination, the duration of the growing season and the yield of chickpea. The analysis of the data in our studies showed that the cultivation of the chickpea variety “Golden Jubilee” in the foothill zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is more profitable.
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