This paper explores travel risk associated with natural disasters focusing on a developing country context using a bottom-up approach. A mixed method was used to identify seven travel risk types from tourists' perspective. The exploratory sequential design was applied to 52 respondents in the qualitative phase and 605 respondents in the quantitative phase. The study area was West Sumatra, Indonesia, a popular tourist destination that is prone to natural disasters. This study found different dimensions of travel risk and provide scales for future research in Indonesia and other developing countries.

While studies of tourist risk perceptions and travel intentions have focused on terrorism, political instability, and outbreak diseases, limited studies have focused on natural disasters, despite the increased impact of disasters. Such events not only cause physical devastation to a tourist destination, but can affect future travel to the effected destination. Natural disasters can create risks for potential tourists which may influence their travel intentions. Thus understanding these risks and how they influence travel intentions is vital.To date, while abundant research is attempting to understand the effect of disasters on risk perceptions, and its subsequent impact on travel intention, questions remain unanswered.Conceptually research should be conducted using a bottom up approach to understand risk perceptions and the factors which can influence risk perceptions. Researchers agree that risk is a multidimensional construct that is context specific, thus more research is needed in the context of natural disasters rather than relying on studies that have explored other types of risks that may not be relevant. In addition, the domestic tourist as a market has been ignored in past studies, which tend to focus on international tourists. In order to address these gaps, this thesis develops a holistic understanding of risk perceptions and the factors that affect the travel intentions of domestic tourists in a destination vulnerable to natural disasters. Accordingly, there are three research objectives in this thesis. First, a bottom up approach is used to identify disaster specific risk dimensions. Second, to understand the relationships between the dimensions of travel risks, the factors that influence travel risk perception and travel intention. Third, to investigate how the dimensions of risk, and the factors that influence risk perception affect the travel intention of domestic tourists to destinations prone to natural disasters. Hence, a mixed method sequential method approach was applied.Initially 52 respondents completed a semi-structure interview. The results were then verified by 605 respondents in a mall intercept survey. The study area was West Sumatra, Indonesia which is one of the most disaster prone destinations in the world, yet it is also considered one of top ten domestic tourist destinations in Indonesia. The thematic analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and Partial least square -Structural equation modelling helped to untangle the complex interrelationships between the risk dimensions, travel intentions and influencing factors.iii Firstly, this thesis uncovered seven dimensions of travel risk in the context of natural disasters. They consist of government preparedness, helplessness, tsunami, feeling trapped, earthquake anxiety, mitigation awareness and mythical beliefs. Many of these risks are consistent with risks found in other context; however two risks (mitigation awareness and mythical beliefs) were also identified. This finding suggests that risk perceptions are context specific ...

Purpose This study aims to extend the use of psychology in the field of tourism crisis and disaster management using coping theory. It examines how resident emotions change in the extended prodromal stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and how residents used humour to cope with stress from not being able to travel. Design/methodology/approach Early COVID-19 (March–April 2020) was characterised by negative media reports, lockdowns and travel restrictions but for Indonesia, no direct effects in terms of loss of life. This unusual context has led to phenomena not previously studied – humour as a coping strategy. This research consists of two studies: Study 1 used thematic analysis of interviews before and during the early lockdown period with a panel of 245 quarantined residents who had travelled in the prior two years. Study 2 followed up using a #hasthtag analysis of travel-related videos content posted on Instagram and TikTok. Findings The COVID-19 global pandemic is an unusual crisis which has resulted in high levels of stress and uncertainty. This study identified the unusual characteristics of the COVID-19 crises and changes of quarantined resident’s emotions during the pre-event and prodromal stages. In addition, this study found the use of humour as a coping mechanism during the lockdown period and the use of social media as the vehicle for humour. Research limitations/implications These findings may be generalisable only to a crises and disasters with an extended prodromal stage. Interestingly, climate change has some similar characteristics where warning signs are available, but the personal implications have not yet become apparent. Practical implications The emotions associated with crisis are dynamic and crisis managers may tailor communication to help deal with stress. Social implications This research provides an insight into how humorous content can be used to reduce negative emotions in the early stage of a stressful event associated with travel restrictions. This study may be suitable for use in integrated marketing communication in post-recovery messaging for the tourism industry and destination management organisation in the digital platform. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate “dark humour” during the early stages of COVID-19 and also the use of coping strategies to explain how humour can reduce stress.

The hospitality industry is now becoming more complex as the guests no longer prefer conventional hotels. Islamic hotels especially face similar issues, forcing human resource managers to find new ways of managing relationships with employees and guests. Good relationships within an organization which often displayed by organizational culture are the main incentives to stimulate positive behavior among employees. The purpose of this paper is to examine the variables related to the performance of Islamic hotels. We use a cross-sectional and correlational research design for this quantitative study. As many as 50 sharia hotel employees from several sharia hotels in the city of Padang participated in the questionnaire survey. SPSS 21 analysis was émployed, and the results showed that the independent spiritual leadership variable affected hotel performance with a significance value (0.045) smaller than the alpha value of 0.05. And for the second hypothesis of the Islamic Islamic organizational culture as an independent variable, it is evident that it influences the performance of sharia hotels in the city of Padang with a significance value of (0.000) smaller than an alpha value of 0.05. The findings-this study shows the importance of spiritual leadership and Islamic organizational culture on improving performance for Islamic hotels. Findings should be beneficial to managers and owners of Islamic hotels that aim to improve their relationships with employees and increase their productivity.

Rural area has a natural potential in terms of its agricultural sector development. In addition to this, this area can also be developed based on its tourism potential. The potential of the latter sector can be utilized based on its beautiful natural scenery, its cool mountain weather, and its unique local custom and culture. This paper particularly discusses the relevance of spatial planning and local wisdom in the development of rural tourism through a literature review approach. The results of this study indicate that rural tourism and its further development needs the support of spatial planning that appreciates the specific local wisdom of the village(s).