Abstract. Syafrizal, Ramadhan R, Kusuma IW, Egra S, Shimizu K, Kanzaki M, Arung ET. 2020. Diversity and honey properties of stingless bees from meliponiculture in East and North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4623-4630. Kalimantan Island in Indonesia is covered by tropical rain forests that are rich in biodiversity. Species, include a stingless bee (Trigona spp.). Recently, stingless bee beekeeping (Meliponiculture) in this region has become popular because the honey has a unique taste, a mix of sweet, sour, and bitter which is highly valued. The objective of this study was to determine the diversity of stingless bee species, the number of colonies, type of hive, and honey properties such as taste, acidity, color, phytochemicals, and radical scavenging activity or antioxidant in meliponiculture in selected areas of Eastern and Northern Kalimantan, Indonesia. The area studied included Samarinda, Balikpapan, Penajam, Bontang, Sangatta, and Tarakan. The study conducted by visiting the farmers, collecting the stingless bees species and bee products (honey, propolis, and bee pollen), pH, color and taste determination, phytochemical screening, and DPPH assay. We found 12 species, with Heterotrigona itama and Tetragonula laeviceps being the main ones cultivated by people in all research areas, except Balikpapan. We counted 111 colonies of T. laeviceps and 99 of H. itama in the meliponiculture. There were three types of hive used by farmers in meliponiculture. Most of the honey tasted sweet and sour with acidity or pH ranging from 3-4, and color from dark brown to light yellow. The phytochemicals contained tannin, alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid, carotenoid, coumarin, saponin, and carbohydrate. The Tetragonula sarawakensis honey was the most potent in term radical scavengers. Our findings showed that stingless bee honey contains antioxidants with phytochemicals that are very useful for human health.

R. mucronata has been widely used as a traditional medicinal plant because it is capable of producing secondary metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, sapponins and flavonoids. This study discusses the potential of leaf and stem bark as inhibitors of R. solanacearum with the concentrations of 5000 ppm, 10000 ppm and 20000 ppm, positive control (Chlorampenicol), and negative control (Ethanol 40%). The method used for the inhibitory assay uses the agar diffusion method. The results showed the moisture factor of leaves of R. mucronata (0.33g) stem bark (0.58g). The yield of leaf extract (17.61%) stem bark (7.85%). The percentage of inhibition showed that R. mucronata leaf extract had inhibition on R.

Abstract. Egra S, Kusuma IW, Arung ET, Kuspradini H. 2018. The potential of white-oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) as antimicrobial and natural antioxidant. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 16: 17-23. White-oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is a favorite meal in Indonesia. Previously this fungus was known as a useless plant, but after the nutrition is known, everything changes. People tried to cultivate it because the nutrients contents are very good for body health. Therefore, to support this added value in the field of health, especially antimicrobials and antioxidants, this research needs to be done. This research used successive extraction with hexane solvent, acetate ethyl, ethanol, water, and crude ethanol by antimicrobial assay, antioxidants assay (DPPH), total antioxidant content, total phenolic content. The highest results on barrier antimicrobial test which occurred against Candida albicans bacteria was 47.60 % with 100 ppm concentration. While, on antimicrobial assay using Propionibacterium acnes bacteria, there was no significant inhibition. Regarding the antioxidant test against DPPH, the result showed the occurrence of free radical by 25 % on water extraction at the concentration of 100 ppm. Continuously, the total antioxidant content assay showed the ethyl acetate had the highest value of 368.708 mg gae/g. The results of the total content phenolic assay showed the solvent hexane had the value of 78.495 mg gae/g. These findings indicated that mushroom has an active phenolic compound with no contribution to impede its working on Candida albicans assay.

Abstract. Kuspradini H, Putri AS, Egra S, Yanti. 2019. Short Communication: In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from twelve aromatic plants from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2039-2042. In the aim of this works was to investigate the antibacterial activity of twelve essential oils against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, oral pathogen causing dental caries. The essential oils were collected by a steam distillation method. Refractive index was measured by using a refractometer. The antibacterial activity of essential oils was determined using an agar well diffusion method. The yields of essential oils varied with the plant species. The steam distillation yielded clear to yellowish essential oils. Refractive indexes of oil were found to be in the range of 1.344 to 1.500. Syzigium sp. appeared to be more abundant in oil (1.54%) than the other plant species, while C. odorata was poorer (0.04%). All of the essential oils tested showed a varied level of inhibition zone (0-53.65 mm) against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The oil from leaves of Cymbopogon citratus had the highest activity against S. sobrinus and S. mutans (53.15 and 52.85 mm, respectively). On the other hand, the Magnolia x alba oil showed the lowest activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus (10.50 and 11.65 mm, respectively). The research results demonstrated that the essential oil in this study has the potency for development of dental health products for preventing and treating oral infections.

More than a thousand species can be used as raw material for herbal medicines. One of the plants that can be made as a medicinal plant was Ketepeng (Cassia alata L.) which a shrub that grows liars in moist places, Ketepeng (Cassia alata L.) was a group of plants included in the Magnoliophyta division which can be found in tropical or subtropical areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of Ketepeng leaves to inhibit the growth of R. solanacearum and S. sobrinus bacteria. The method used in this study is agar well diffusion with 3 replications. The sample used was Ketepeng leaf extract with several concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2%. Positive controls in this study were Chloramphenicol and negative control of 40% ethanol. The variables calculated are the calculation of water content, percentage of yield and percentage of area diameter barriers (DDH). In addition, the DDH results show the ethanol extract of Ketepeng leaves at concentrations of 0.5% and 1% not able to inhibit the growth of R. solanacearum, but at a concentration of 2% able to inhibit R.solanacearum with a diameter of 11,7 mm and the ethanol extract of Ketepeng leaves at concentrations was able to inhibit the growth of S. sobrinus bacteria with the highest diameter of 16 mm at a concentration of 2%. Further research was needed deeply analysis for Cassia alata L extract. The extract has potential to be used as vegetable pesticides and herbal products.

Indonesia merupakan negara hutan tropis yang luas, maka tak heran negara ini menjadi negara megabiodiversitas. Jamur tiram merupakan salah satu hasil kekayaan alam Indonesia yang memiliki potensi sebagai tanaman kesehatan dan obat. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memunculkan potensi aktivitas antioksidan pada jamur tiram yang banyak dibudidaya di Kalimantan Timur khususnya Samarinda. Sampel kami ambil dari rumah jamur borneo dan penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kimia Hasil Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Mulawarman. Metode ekstraksi bertingkat menggunakan n-heksan, etil asetat, dan etanol. Metode antioksidan yang digunakan adalah penangkal radikal bebas (DPPH) dengan masing-masing tiga kali pengulangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi pada ekstrak air dengan nilai penghambatan 25% pada kosentrasi 100 ppm. Pada ekstrak heksan merupakan hambatan terkecil dengan nilai penghambatan 2,41% pada kosentrasi 25ppm.

Abstrak. Pengeringan merupakan faktor penting dari pengolahan kopi, tanpa pengeringan yang tepat baik itu pengeringan mekanis maupun secara tradisional kualitas biji kopi tidak akan memenuhi standar yang disyaratkan. Proses pengeringan yang baik tidak hanya berpengaruh terhadap sifat fisik biji kopi seperti tingkat kadar air, namun juga meningkatkan citarasa dan aroma dari biji kopi tersebut. Karakteristik terbaik yang diperoleh dari biji kopi setelah proses pengeringan akan menentukan kualitas produk kopi di pasaran. penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh metode pengeringan terhadap penurunan kadar air dan sifat organoleptik biji kopi arabika dan robusta sehingga didapatkan metode terbaik dalam pengolahan kopi. 50 kg biji kopi Arabica dan robusta dikeringkan di bawah sinar matahari dengan menggunakan alas terpal, sedangkan 50 kg sisanya dikeringkan menggunakan mesin pengering biji-bijian tipe batch. Uji organoleptik (rasa dan aroma) menggunakan metode uji Hedonik dan diolah dengan analisis sidik ragam. Pengeringan biji kopi secara mekanis menunjukkan penurunan kadar air yang lebih cepat (17jam) daripada pengeringan secara tradisional (23 jam). Hasil pengujian rasa dan aroma menunjukkan biji kopi Arabica yang dikeringkan menggunakan mesin pengering mekanis lebih disukai panelis dengan nilai uji hedonik tertinggi (67 dan 63 poin). The Effect of Drying Methods on the Characteristics and Organoleptics of Arabica Coffee Beans (Coffeae Arabica) and Robusta Coffee Beans (Coffeae Cannephora) Abstract. Drying is an important factor in coffee processing, without proper drying, both mechanical drying and traditionally the quality of coffee beans will not meet the required standards. A good drying process not only affects the physical properties of coffee beans such as the level of water content, but also increases the flavor and aroma of the coffee beans. The best characteristics obtained from coffee beans after the drying process will determine the quality of coffee products on the market. This study aims to determine the effect of drying method on decreasing water content and organoleptic properties of arabica and robusta coffee beans so that the best method in coffee processing is obtained. 50 kg of Arabica and robusta coffee beans are dried under the sun by using terpal, while the remaining 50 kg is dried using a batch-type grain drying machine. Organoleptic test (taste and aroma) using Hedonic test method and processed by analysis of variance. Mechanical drying of coffee beans shows a decrease in water content faster (17 hours) than traditional drying (23 hours). The taste and aroma test results showed Arabica coffee beans dried using a mechanical drying machine were preferred by panelists with the highest hedonic test values (67 and 63 points).

Abstract. Kartina, Batubara I, Kuspradini H, Kusuma IW, Wahyuni WT, Egra S, Matsunaga T. 2022. Diversity of medicinal plants used for skincare by Bulungan tribe in North Kalimantan, Indonesia and its melanin biosynthesis inhibition. Biodiversitas 23: 1246-1253. Indigenous people of the Bulungan tribe in North Kalimantan, Indonesia have been utilizing plants for health purposes, including for skincare such as preventing skin from being dark due to melanin production. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity of medicinal plants utilized by the Bulungan tribe for skincare and determine the melanin biosynthesis inhibition activity. Plants having medicinal uses were investigated through literature studies and interviews with the members of Bulungan tribe in Tanjung Palas Tengah Village. Melanin biosynthesis inhibition was determined by identifying the tyrosinase inhibition potential using commercial tyrosinase enzyme, while intracellular and extracellular melanin biosynthesis production activity was determined using B16 melanoma cells. The results showed at least 19 plant species that have medicinal uses, including for skincare, with some of them having the potential for melanogenesis, both in suppressing and producing melanin. We found a plant sample with melanin suppression potential on B16 melanoma cell, namely Jatropha curcas, at 6.2 µg/ml concentration, which could decrease extracellular melanin content by 18%. Tyrosinase activity with L-tyrosine showed that Cinnamomum burmannii (root) (IC50: 3.4 ?g/mL) showed an insignificant difference with kojic acid, which served as positive control by showing an inhibitory level of (IC50: 0.14 ?g/mL). Based on the data obtained, a pharmacological study is recommended to investigate melanin biosynthesis as a skin whitening agent. We believe that this study can become basic data to discover several active compounds in future studies.