The processes that threaten 240 Indonesian threatened plants were identified and categorized based on a comprehensive review of the published literature and elicitation of information from experts. Intrinsic biological factors and habitat loss are the major causes of plant endangerment in Indonesia (affecting 83 and 82% of species respectively), followed by overexploitation (64%) and natural factors (6%). The dominant threats vary between major plant groups, with habitat loss being particularly important for palms and trees, and biological factors important for orchids. For all studied plant species three sets of inter-related threatening processes (threat syndromes) were identified that differed among the major plant groups. By identifying and evaluating the processes that threaten plants in Indonesia we provide knowledge to guide their future conservation.

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Dioscorea spp. were cultivated as alternative food in the garden and yard on dry season, and it's planted by peoples in the villages. The objectives of the research are to identify the species, the tuber use, and the local wisdom to support the conservation of Dioscorea around Wonosadi forest. Samples and data collection was conducted in 15 villages around Wonosadi forest. Interview survey was done on peoples who are cultivate yam species (Dioscorea spp.) in their garden. Research were emphasized to tuber characteristic, traditional uses, and local wisdom to supporting yam conservation. Data was analyzed descriptively to illustrate the kind of local usage and local wisdom of connect with Dioscorea spp. The results showed that there were found species of gembili (D. esculenta (Lour.) Burk.), uwi (D. alata L.), and gadung (D. hispida dennst.) as cultivated plants, and tomboreso (D. pentaphylla L.), gembolo (D. bulbifera L.), and jebubuk (D. numularia Lamk.) as wild species in the forest. Tuber is raw material for many kind of food based on carbohydrate content. Gadung were used as fickle food with high diversification and insecticide for rice and corn. Peoples more consume gembili and uwi than gembolo and others species as rice substitute at dry season. The local wisdom were indicated that peoples still consume gembili and uwi as rice substitute, while tuber also used as sesaji in traditional concept jajan pasar or tukon pasar, and tuber of uwi was used as diet for diabetes complaint, and row material of uwi ungu tuber was used effectively for diarrhea complaint in the villages. ABSTRAKDioscorea spp. adalah tanaman pangan alternatif di halaman dan kebun pada musim kering, dan ditanam oleh masyarakat di pedesaan. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi spesies, manfaat umbi, dan kearifan lokal yang mendukung pelestarian Dioscorea spp. di sekitar hutan Wonosadi, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. Koleksi sampel dan data dilakukan pada 15 desa di sekitar hutan Wonosadi. Survei interview dilakukan pada masyarakat yang menanam Dioscorea spp. di kebun atau halaman rumah, dan dititikberatkan beratkan pada karakter khas umbi, pemanfaatan tradisional, dan kearifan budaya masyarakat yang mendukung pelestarian Dioscorea spp. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk menggambarkan karakter khas spesies Dioscorea, pemanfaatan tradisional, dan bentuk kearifan budaya masyarakat terkait dengan tanaman Dioscorea spp. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan spesies gembili (D. esculenta (Lour.) Burk.), uwi (D. alata L.), dan gadung (D. hispida dennst.) sebagai tanaman budidaya dan Tomboreso (D. pentaphylla L.), gembolo (D. bulbifera L.), dan jebubuk (D. numularia Lamk.) sebagai spesies liar di hutan. Umbi merupakan bahan dasar berbagai macam makanan berbasis karbohidrat. Gadung dimanfaatkan untuk ceriping juga insektisida bagi padi dan jagung. Masyarakat lebih mengkonsumsi umbi gembili dan uwi daripada gembolo dan jenis lainnya sebagai pengganti beras di musim kering. Kearifan lokal ditunjukan dengan masih mengkonsumsi umbi gembili dan ...

Citrus maxima is a tropical fruit species with high morphological variability on fruit characters, including shape, size, thickness of peel, flesh color and taste. This variability has been used by breeders and common people to practically distinguish different pummelo cultivars. Despite such well known variation, so far there is no published study specifically addressed the extent of phenotypic variability and taxonomy of pummelo in Indonesia. This study was, therefore, aiming at assessing phenotypic variability and taxonomic affinity of Indonesian pummelo cultivars and landraces using multivariate analysis methods. A total of 60 accessions from six provinces were collected, including some representatives of registered cultivars. Twenty one morphological characters were subjected to cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Results showed that two major clusters were formed, in which each group was characterized by combination of distinctive morphological features leading to recognition of two cultivar groups. Based on the fact that the morphology of individuals from intensively cultivated orchards showed similar level of variability to those from sporadically distributed areas, there was strong indication that the morphological variation has genetic background.

Erlinawati I, Abinawanto, Salamah A, Rugayah. 2018. Genetic diversity analysis of daluga (Cyrtosperma merkusii) using Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism in Siau, Sangihe and Talaud Islands, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 2374-2380. Daluga or the giant swamp taro (Cyrtosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott, a member of Araceae, is one of the minor tuber crops in Indonesia. It has high nutritional value for alternative food. Sequences-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) primers combinations were used for the first time to assess the genetic diversity among 36 of daluga accessions from several locations in Siau, Sangihe and Talaud islands, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. All of the samples were successfully extracted from silica-gel dried leaves using CTAB methods with minor modifications. Using six SRAP primer combinations, a total of 80 DNA fragments were yielded, varied from 75-1500 bp. The scoring of the fragments resulted in 68 (85.03%) polymorphic bands. Amongst four populations studied, Siau Island population has the highest level of genetic variation with mean values of Na = 1.9375±0.2436, Ne = 1.6409 ± 0.3255, PPL = 93.75%, H = 0.3614 ± 0.1516 and I = 0.5299 ± 0.1978. Meanwhile, Salibabu, Talaud Island population has the lowest level of genetic variation with mean values of Na = 1.5125 ± 0.5030, Ne = 1.3075 ± 0.3723 , PPL = 51.25%, H = 0.1800 ± 0.1989 and I = 0.2700 ± 0.2855. The high of polymorphic bands were generated by SRAP markers suitable for further analysis method in applied and basic of the genetic study on Cyrtosperma species and also related genera. This new genetic information can be used for baseline data for further research especially to improving the variation of daluga and for the conservation of daluga in the future.

Indonesia is known as an archipelago with more than 17,000 islands, one of which is Gili Iyang Island. The island is located in the eastern part of Madura island, including in the region of Sumenep regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. Gili Iyang Island is reported as one of the highest oxygen sites in the world with tourism potency such as various caves with its natural beauty. The research was aimed to discover the plant diversity and local wisdom of the community. Data was collected through direct observation, open ended interview with 20 informants in two villages. The results showed that no less than 94 species utilized as food, medicines and other purposes. The plant species used for food such as taal (Borassus flabellifer L.), bukkol (Zizyphusjujuba Mill.), bille (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa.) and bintaos (Wrightia pubescens R.Br.). The latter species is still rare to consume as food, while medicinal materials are landhek (Barleria pronitis L), membhe (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) and tanggeri (Sida rhombifolia L.).

Abstract. Susandarini R, Subandiyah S, Daryono BS, Rugayah. 2020. Microsatellite polymorphism for molecular characterization of pomelo (Citrus maxima) accessions from Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2390-2395. Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. (pomelo) as a minor fruit crop deserve attention on its phenotypic and genotypic variability to avoid the risk of extinction. Previous study showed that pomelo from Indonesia has high morphological variability, and thus it is interesting to explore its genotypic variability using molecular markers. Microsatellite is a molecular marker widely used in Citrus taxonomy studies. This study aimed at revealing microsatellite polymorphism and its potential application in cultivar characterization of C .maxima. Eighty accessions of C. maxima consisting of registered cultivars and landraces from Indonesia were used in this study. Analysis of microsatellite sequences from genomic DNA amplified using DY296883 primer showed that C. maxima microsatellite has high polymorphism in the form of repeat length variation of (GA)n, ranging from (GA)7 to (GA)19. This study proved the existence of high genotypic variability in C. maxima, and confirmed the role of microsatellite as a useful molecular marker for uncovering variability at intraspecific level. Observation of the microsatellite polymorphisms indicated that variability of (GA)n can be used to distinguish some pomelo cultivars.

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