Sumardi I, Wulandari M (2011) Anatomy and morphology character of five Indonesian banana cultivars (Musa spp.) of different ploidy level. . In Indonesia there are many cultivars of banana, and some of them produce edible fruits. Beside their morphology, the character which necessary as a tool for classification is anatomical character. The aim of this research were to describe the anatomical character and morphology of fives Indonesian banana cultivars based on their level of ploidy. The cultivars were collected from Banana Germplasm Plantation, Yogyakarta District, Indonesia. The samples of roots, rhizome, and leaf were collected from five banana cultivars i.e.: Musa acuminata cv Penjalin, M. balbisiana cv Kluthuk warangan, M. acuminata cv Ambon warangan, M. paradisiaca cv Raja nangka, and M. paradisiaca cv Kluthuk susu. For anatomy observation samples were prepared using paraffin method, stained with 1% safranin in 70% ethanol. To observe the structure of stomata and epidermis surface, slide were prepared using modification of whole mount method. Slides were observed using Olympus BHB microscope completed with Olympus camera BM-10A. Stem and leaf morphology character of diploid level (AA and BB genome) is different with triploid level (AAA, AAB, and ABB genome). Anatomy and morphology character of root and rhizome of banana in diploid level (AA and BB genome) and triploid level (AAA, AAB, and ABB genome) is quite similar. Distribution of stomata is found in leaf and pseudostem. Stomata is found in adaxial and abaxial epidermis layer. The size of guard cells in triploid cultivars was longer than that diploid cultivars. The root composed of epidermis layer, cortex and cylinder vascular of five cultivar's root show anomalous structure. Rhizome consist of peripheric and centre zone. Anatomically, this was no differences in the rhizome structure among five banana cultivars. The row of vascular bundles acts as demarcation area between peripheric and central zone. In the cultivar with BB genome (diploid) and ABB genome (triploid) the row of vascular bundle was not found. The differences of leaf anatomy were base on: size and number of stomata distribution, number of subsidiary cells, number of hypodermal layers, structure and number of parenchyma palisade, size of airspace in petiole and mesophyll and the vascular bundle structure.

Dioscorea spp. were cultivated as alternative food in the garden and yard on dry season, and it's planted by peoples in the villages. The objectives of the research are to identify the species, the tuber use, and the local wisdom to support the conservation of Dioscorea around Wonosadi forest. Samples and data collection was conducted in 15 villages around Wonosadi forest. Interview survey was done on peoples who are cultivate yam species (Dioscorea spp.) in their garden. Research were emphasized to tuber characteristic, traditional uses, and local wisdom to supporting yam conservation. Data was analyzed descriptively to illustrate the kind of local usage and local wisdom of connect with Dioscorea spp. The results showed that there were found species of gembili (D. esculenta (Lour.) Burk.), uwi (D. alata L.), and gadung (D. hispida dennst.) as cultivated plants, and tomboreso (D. pentaphylla L.), gembolo (D. bulbifera L.), and jebubuk (D. numularia Lamk.) as wild species in the forest. Tuber is raw material for many kind of food based on carbohydrate content. Gadung were used as fickle food with high diversification and insecticide for rice and corn. Peoples more consume gembili and uwi than gembolo and others species as rice substitute at dry season. The local wisdom were indicated that peoples still consume gembili and uwi as rice substitute, while tuber also used as sesaji in traditional concept jajan pasar or tukon pasar, and tuber of uwi was used as diet for diabetes complaint, and row material of uwi ungu tuber was used effectively for diarrhea complaint in the villages. ABSTRAKDioscorea spp. adalah tanaman pangan alternatif di halaman dan kebun pada musim kering, dan ditanam oleh masyarakat di pedesaan. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi spesies, manfaat umbi, dan kearifan lokal yang mendukung pelestarian Dioscorea spp. di sekitar hutan Wonosadi, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. Koleksi sampel dan data dilakukan pada 15 desa di sekitar hutan Wonosadi. Survei interview dilakukan pada masyarakat yang menanam Dioscorea spp. di kebun atau halaman rumah, dan dititikberatkan beratkan pada karakter khas umbi, pemanfaatan tradisional, dan kearifan budaya masyarakat yang mendukung pelestarian Dioscorea spp. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk menggambarkan karakter khas spesies Dioscorea, pemanfaatan tradisional, dan bentuk kearifan budaya masyarakat terkait dengan tanaman Dioscorea spp. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan spesies gembili (D. esculenta (Lour.) Burk.), uwi (D. alata L.), dan gadung (D. hispida dennst.) sebagai tanaman budidaya dan Tomboreso (D. pentaphylla L.), gembolo (D. bulbifera L.), dan jebubuk (D. numularia Lamk.) sebagai spesies liar di hutan. Umbi merupakan bahan dasar berbagai macam makanan berbasis karbohidrat. Gadung dimanfaatkan untuk ceriping juga insektisida bagi padi dan jagung. Masyarakat lebih mengkonsumsi umbi gembili dan uwi daripada gembolo dan jenis lainnya sebagai pengganti beras di musim kering. Kearifan lokal ditunjukan dengan masih mengkonsumsi umbi gembili dan ...

Species of Bambusa had widespread in Celebes, especially for Bambusa striata and Bambusa vulgaris. As an effect of the lacking of flowering, species identification mainly depends on leaf epidermal micromorphology, and vegetative features have proven to be useful in bamboo taxonomy. The objective of this research was to describe the classification of Bambusa from Celebes based on the micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis. The specimens were collected from the wild population. The samples of leaf were collected from five members of Bambusa i.e.: Bambusa blumeana, Bambusa maculata, B. striata, B. vulgaris and Bambusa sp. Micromorphological characters were identified using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Leaf epidermis characters separated B. blumeana from other species of Bambusa. Furthermore, B. striata were closely related to B. maculata in a variation of bulliform cells. As an invention, we release peltate hair as a new type of trichome in Bambusa. The presence of numerous prickles, trichomes, and bulliform cells may be especially useful in delimiting species.

Abstract. Hastuti, Purnomo, Sumardi I, Daryono BS. 2019. Diversity wild banana species (Musa spp.) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 824-832. Indonesia is known as one of the centers of banana diversity in the world. There are 70 species of wild banana in the genus of Musa, 12 of them it was found in Indonesia. Sulawesi was located in the Wallace Line, which is a meeting between the Sunda and Sahul exposures, and has many endemic species, some of which are wild banana species. However, studies on wild banana in Sulawesi are still limited. This study focuses on species of wild bananas found in Sulawesi. Purposive sampling was used to select banana example from wild, cultivated area, residential areas and research garden. Observation was carried out in the field as well as using a collection herbarium and living specimens. The observation was done by observing the characteristics of the sample according to the guidance on Descriptor for Banana. Identification was done by matching the sample with herbarium and relevant references. The results showed that there were four species of wild bananas found on the island of Sulawesi. These are Musa balbisiana Colla, Musa acuminata Colla var. zebrina (v.Houtte) Nasution, Musa acuminata Colla var. banksii (F.Muell.) N.W Simmonds, Musa acuminata Colla var. lutraensis, Musa acuminata Colla var. sigiensis, Musa acuminata Colla ssp. microcarpa Becc., Musa borneensis Becc. and Musa textilis Nee. Four wild banana accessions had never been reported before. These were Musa acuminata var. zebrina, Musa acuminata var. lutraensis, Musa acuminata var. siginenesis and Musa borneensis.

Technology advancement has encouraged development of processing method variation and enhanced utilization of natural resources widely. Ethnobotany can be used to document the local customs involving the practical uses of bamboo for many aspects of life. The aim of study was to describe utilization of bamboo by Sangirese. A total of 30 respondents were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire and personal interviews. Data were descriptively analyzed based on exploration results and interviews with respondents. The result showed 12 species of bamboo had been founded and correlated with the local community in Sangirese, consist of six species of Bambusa, three species of Schizostachyum, and each one species of Dendrocalamus Gigantochloa, and Neololeba. The uses of bamboos were grouped into nine categories, namely construction and materials, handicraft, furniture, ceremonial, musical instruments, transportation, medicine, ornamental plants, and food. Several species had been used more than one purpose and B. maculata was the most commonly used. Bamboo ethnobotany in Sangirese was firstly recorded and expected could enrich bamboo ethnobotany data from Celebes as well as to introduce Sangirese culture.

Tidal swamp rice is a valuable source for developing new rice cultivars in the future because they possess some important traits for, adapted to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, twenty-seven cultivars of the tidal swamp rice, comprising 26 from the South Kalimantan and one of Sumatera Island, Indonesia (an outgroup), were characterized phenotypically. Following Biodiversity International procedure, 14 qualitative and 15 quantitative traits were observed. The results show that this germplasm has a unique diversity in phenotypic traits. The secondary branch of panicle was the highest diversity of qualitative traits with an index of 0.93. Similarly, the plant height was the highest for quantitative traits (0.70). The correlation analysis confirmed that plant height, strongly correlated to culm diameter, the number of tillers and grain ratio. The PCA indicated that several independent traits, such as coleoptile anthocyanin coloration, basal leaf sheath color, and grain length, have positively contributed to the diversity, accounting 62.99%. Based on PCA analysis, the tidal swamp rice were clustered into four groups. According to UPGMA, this germplasm separated into six main groups, where Sardani (an outgroup) was very closely related to Lakatan Pacar and most distantly to Siam Perak. This information would be useful for the future rice breeding program, particularly in developing new rice cultivars in the tidal swamp areas.

No abstract

The most biological constrain on Vanilla planifolia plantation recently was caused by epidemical disease that laterdecrease vanilla production. The most important disease on vanilla is foot rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.vanillae. So far, the disease has not been successfully controlled although some experiments had been conducted. Onealternative method has been introduced by using a new cultivar which was resistance to Fusarium). A mutant vanilla to thefungus has been initiated by in vitro selection on medium containing fusaric acid. The aims of this research were: (1) to investigate effective concentration of fusaric acid used for in vitro selection, (2) to characterize mutants which have been set up and also to test those mutants for their resistance to the fungus. The results showed that: (1) fusaric acid at the concentration of 110 ppm effectively suppressed the disease intensity up to 25% compared to the concentration of 90 ppm and 100 ppm. In other words, 110 ppm of fusaric acid has increased the category criterion from moderate to resistant, (2) there was an increase of the total phenol content and thickness of lignin in vanilla stem, and (3) the protein profile of vanilla plantlet was different from the control. There was an initiation of a new band of about 18 kD in a mutant predicted as a protein which is responsible for vanilla resistance to Fusarium.