is a region of high plant diversity with an estimated 50,000 flowering plant species. Estimates of plant diversity in the region continue to grow as large numbers of new species are described even though there have been suggestions that there are few new species to be Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2) 2019 268 found in some parts of Southeast Asia. It is likely that most estimates of species numbers in the countries of Southeast Asia are too low due to the lack of taxonomic work on groups which have many locally endemic species. Differing collecting densities across the region can profoundly affect our understanding of plant diversity and lead to large underestimates of species diversity in poorly collected countries and regions. Progress on each of the major Flora
The processes that threaten 240 Indonesian threatened plants were identified and categorized based on a comprehensive review of the published literature and elicitation of information from experts. Intrinsic biological factors and habitat loss are the major causes of plant endangerment in Indonesia (affecting 83 and 82% of species respectively), followed by overexploitation (64%) and natural factors (6%). The dominant threats vary between major plant groups, with habitat loss being particularly important for palms and trees, and biological factors important for orchids. For all studied plant species three sets of inter-related threatening processes (threat syndromes) were identified that differed among the major plant groups. By identifying and evaluating the processes that threaten plants in Indonesia we provide knowledge to guide their future conservation.
Hiperdominansi jenis dan biomassa adalah suatu konsep yang menjelaskan pentingnya sebagian kecil jenis dan biomassa relatif terhadap rata-rata biomassa pohon pada suatu kawasan hutan. Pemahaman pada konsep ini berimplikasi pada upaya monitoring kawasan hutan khususnya bagi spesies penyumbang biomassa terbesar dan membantu pemahaman pada proses restorasi ekologinya. Analisis hiperdominansi jenis dan kontribusi pohon besar (DBH>50 cm) terhadap biomassa pohon telah dilakukan di kawasan hutan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango (TNGGP). Sejumlah 26 plot pengamatan telah dibuat pada 26 level ketinggian yang berbeda (1013-3010 m dpl) dan dikelompokkan menjadi tiga zona yaitu zona submontana, montana, dan subalpine. Pohon-pohon yang terdapat dalam plot pengamatan kemudian dikelompokkan menjadi 3 kelompok diameter yaitu pohon kecil (5-30 cm), pohon sedang (30-50 cm), dan pohon besar (>50 cm). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa hiperdominansi jenis terjadi di hutan TNGGP. Empat jenis pohon dari 114 jenis yang teridentifikasi yaitu Schima wallichii, Altingia excelsa, Vaccinium varingiaefolium, dan Castanopsis acuminatissima merepresentasikan 56,96% dari total biomassa pohon yang ada di plot TNGGP. Lebih lanjut, pohon kecil dan besar diketahui sebagai penyumbang biomassa yang sangat signifikan dibandingkan pohon sedang. Pada level plot penelitian, pohon dengan DBH>50 cm yang berjumlah 192 individu (atau 13%) dari 1471 individu pohon mampu merepresentasikan 61,4% dari total biomassanya. Namun demikian, pada level kawasan hutan, pohon kecil dan pohon besar memiliki kontribusi yang sama signifikannya terhadap biomassa per hektarnya yaitu masing-masing sebesar 40,9% dan 38,77%. Hasil-hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa hanya sedikit jenis pohon saja mampu merepresentasikan sebagian besar dari total biomassa pohon. Pohon-pohon kecil dan besar diketahui memainkan peranan yang penting dalam biomassa di hutan TNGGP.Hyperdominance of Tree Species and Biomass in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park, IndonesiaAbstractThe hyperdominance of tree species and biomass is a concept explaining the importance of a small portion of species and biomass relative to the average of biomass in a forested area. Understanding this concept has important implication on forest monitoring, especially to monitor the most significant species that show high contributes on biomass and its ecological restoration. Hyperdominance analysis of tree species and large trees (DBH > 50 cm) contribution to tree biomass were investigated in tropical mountain forest of Mount Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGGP). A total of 26 sample plots were installed in 26 different altitude between 1013 and 3010 m asl and grouped into three zones i.e. submontane, montane, and subalpine zones. Trees within plot were identified, measured, and grouped into three groups i.e. small (DBH 5-30 cm), medium (DBH 30-50 cm), and large trees (DBH>50 cm). The result showed that there were hyperdominant in TNGGP. Four species from 114 identified tree species i.e. Schima wallichii, Altingia excelsa, Vaccinium varingiaefolium, and Castanopsis acuminatissima represented 56.96% of the total biomass in the plot level. Furthermore, only 13% of trees from 1471 trees responsible for 61.4% of the total tree biomass in the plot level. However, small and large trees have similar significant contribution to the average biomass in the forest level i.e. 40.9% and 38.77%, respectively. These results suggest that only few species represent a huge amount of biomass. Both small and large trees play important role in the forest biomass of TNGGP.
Tropical plant community ecology is often assumed to be driven largely by stochastic disturbance, replacement and demographic processes despite a general lack of information about the physical environment. Tropical soils are more diverse, at regional, intermediate and local scales than usually is recognized. This study was conducted to test hypotheses about the importance of edaphic parameters in determining the abundance and distribution of the rare lipstick palm Cyrtostachys renda Blume and its co-occurrence with other plants. Eight of 11 tropical tree species were positively associated with C. renda. For Gluta renghas, Shorea parvifolia, Eleiodoxa conferta, Pandanus terrestris and Korthalsia flagellaris, the association with the palm was strong. The palms E. conferta and K. flagellaris appeared to have similar ecological and habitat requirements. The lipstick palm is adapted to specific edaphic conditions related to soil quality and drainage. It prefers fine sand, well-drained soil and low mineral content, reflected in associations between these variables and stem density, clump density, clump size, frequency, basal area and canopy circle area. High levels of soil Ca ++ , Mg ++ and K + are associated with sites where the palm is absent. The C/N ratio of soils appears to influence palm densities and sizes. All known populations occur in habitats with C/N-values less than 19, with the largest populations in areas with C/N-values of 13. Our findings suggest that edaphic variables are important determinants of the abundance and distribution of this tropical peat swamp forest species.
Trees are one of the main important structures in forest vegetation. Other than timber and non-timber product, trees also indirectly provide ecosystem services. Until now, information on tree species richness and its relation to the elevation gradient in Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park (MGPNP) is not exist. The objectives of this research were to estimate the trees species richness and describe the relation between tree diversity to the elevation gradient in this area. A total of 26 plots (size: 20 m x 100 m each) from 1,013 m-3,010 m asl were laid down and classified into three zones i.e. sub montane (1,000 m-1,500 m asl), montane (1,500 m-2,400 m asl) and subalpine zone (>2,400 m asl). The results showed that tree species richness on this mountain taken from 1,479 enumerated trees was 127 species. Species richness of each zone were 79, 70 and 33 species for sub montane, montane and sub alpine zone respectively. The sub montane zone hold the highest tree species richness. A significant effect of elevation gradient to tree diversity indices was identified. The individual number was positively correlated, while species richness, Shannon-Wiener index and Evenness index were negatively correlated with elevation gradient.
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