Background: Marine sponges provided a great source of natural products with promising biological activity. This study was aimed to investigate the chemical constituents of methanol extracts of selected Indonesian marine sponges (Callyspongia sp., Clathria sp., Melophlus sarasinorum, and Xestospongia sp.), collected from the Saponda Islands, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia as well as to evaluate their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Methods: LCMS/MS analysis used to identify the compounds. Agar well diffusion and DPPH assays were used to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Results: Chemical screening reported alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins from all investigated sponges. The LC-MS/MS analysis identified various compounds which mainly contained steroids. Antimicrobial activity (against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Candida albicans) was only shown by the Xestospongia sp. extract. Meanwhile, extracts of M. sarasinorum, Xestospongia sp., and Callyspongia sp. exhibited potent radical scavenging activity. Conclusion: The study concluded that the selected sponges could provide various groups of compounds. Methanol extracts of these sponges could be used as sources of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.

Background : Plant cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta) are known flavonoid is efficacious as antioxidant. Antioxidant can prevent damage to the skin by reducing free radical activity. Purpose : The purpose of this study to determine the concentration of ethanol extract of leaves of cassava can be formulated into dosage cream body scrub which have antioxidant activity. Method : Cassava leaf extract obtained by maceration using 97% ethanol. Determination of antioxidant activity by the method of reduction of free radical DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl). Result : The ethanol extract of cassava leaves are formulated into dosage cream body scrub with concentration variations 0,0085 mg/mL  (formula 1), 0,017 mg/mL  (formula 2), and 0,0255 mg/mL  (formula 3). Stability test preparation cream body scrub using cycling tests performed for 6 cycles. Preparation cream body scrub to formula I has a moderate antioxidant activity with IC50 158,16 µg/mL, formula 2 has an active antioxidant activity with IC50 66,59 µg/mL, and formula 3 has a stronger antioxidant activity with IC50 38,80 µg/mL. Conclusion : cream body scrub and cassava ethanol extract does not irritate so it is safe to use. Preparations cream body scrub well have the most activity at a concentration of 0,0255 mg/mL with IC50 38,80 µg/mL.

Etlingera alba is one of the Etlingera plants that has not been studied intensively. Plants that belong to the same genus have similar constituents and pharmacological activities. Thus, we aim to investigate the chemical composition and pharmacological activities, namely, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, of E. alba rhizome extract (EA). The chemical constituent was detected using the test tube method. The inflammatory model rats were obtained by inducing them with 1% carrageenan, and their palm edema volume and cytokine levels, namely, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α, were measured. Antibacterial activity was performed with broth microdilution. The phytochemical screening of EA was detecting alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and phenols. The EA has anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the palms’ edema volume and cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α), and the optimal concentration was 400 mg/kg body weight (BW). On the other hand, EA also exhibited antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. enterica. In conclusion, similar to other Etlingera plants, EA also demonstrates pharmacological activities, namely, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M Smith or locally in Southeast Sulawesi known as Wualae fruit has activity as an immunomodulator by increasing phagocytosis activity. Prior studies have been conducted to observe the effect of E. elatior as an immunomodulator, thus further study is needed to observe the production of cytokines such as IL-1� and IL-6 which are responsible for the immune responses. Etlingera elatior fruit macerated with 96% ethanol for three days and produced a total of �74.6 g concentrated extract. Experimental animals used were divided into four groups (n=4) and treated orally once a day for seven days as follows: group I (0.5% Na CMC); group II (Stimuno�); group III (E. elatior fruit extract dose of 300 mg/kg BW); and group IV (E. elatior fruit extract dose of 400 mg/kg BW). On the eight-day, animals were infected with Staphylococcus aureus intraperitoneally and left for an hour. Thereafter, blood was collected and assayed using ELISA Kit (Elabscience rat IL-1� and Elabscience rat IL-6). Results demonstrated that group IV increased levels of IL-1� and group III and IV increased level of IL-6 (p<0.05). Increased levels of IL-1� and IL-6 are associated with phagocytosis in the immune response. In conclusion, E. elatior fruit extract at doses of 300 and 400 mg/kg BW increases levels of IL-1� and IL-6.

Bunga Kasumba turate (Carthamus tinctorius Linn) dari suku Asteraceae merupakan tumbuhan obat tradisional etnis Sulawesi Selatan yang secara empiris digunakan dalam pengobatan campak. Ekstrak etanol dari kasumba turate memberikan peningkatan aktivitas imunoglobulin G (IgG) dan  aktivitas imunoglobulin A (IgA) yang sangat signifikan. Penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak etanol bunga C. Tinctorius L memiliki potensi sebagai antimalaria secara in vitro dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 1,06 µg/ml. Sampel bunga C. tinctorius L. kering sebanyak 3 Kg dicacah hingga menjadi serbuk sebanyak 870 gram kemudian diekstraksi secara maserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol 80%. Hasil maserasi dipekatkan dengan vacuum rotary evaporator pada suhu 50°C sehingga diperoleh ekstrak kental sebanyak 178,7gram. Profil fitokimia menunjukkan ekstrak etanol bunga C. tinctorius L. mengandung senyawa metabolit antara lain saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid, tanin dan antrakuinon.Kata kunci: Skrining, ekstrak, kasumba turate, obat tradisional, antimalaria

Objective: This objective of this research was to study in vitro antimalarial activity of chloroform, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate fractions of ethanol extracts of Carthamus tinctorius Linn. flowers from Asteraceae family which empirically been used as traditional medication by people in South Sulawesi to heal measles. Methods:Fractionation was conducted using chloroform, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate. Determination of antimalarial activity was performed by in vitro test using the 24-well microplate and the candle-jar method. Breeding is done in a petri-dish and done aseptically. Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 culture obtained from frozen deposits in-thawing and bread from Pharmacy Laboratory of Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia. Blood sample with a density of over 2000 was employed. Serial decreasing concentrations of the crude extract of chloroform, butanol, and ethyl acetate fraction were tested for antimalarial activity. The following concentrations were used; 100; 10; 1.0; 0.1; and 0.01 (mg/mL). Negative controls used dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) diluted in the same manner as diluting materials above test, to obtain final DMSO concentration is not more than 0.5%. Mixture and suspension test parasites (= test preparation) are then inserted into the candle-jar and incubated in a CO2 incubator at a temperature of 37°C for 48 h. After incubation for 48 h made a thin blood smear on glass object. Smear dried at room temperature, fixed with methanol, then, once dry stained with Giemsa and counted under a microscope parasitemianya with 1000 times magnification. Calculations performed on 5000's erythrocytes. Results:Results showed that chloroform and n-butanol fraction cannot inhibit parasitemia >50%, but ethyl acetate fraction can inhibit parasitemia >50% with the highest inhibition at 100 µg/mL of 94.48%. Conclusion:Ethyl acetate fraction is highly active as antimalarial with an IC 50 of 1.25 µg/mL.

Cassia siamea leaf has been proven in vitro and in vivo to have a strong antimalarial activity with Cassiarin A as its active compound. To obtain a source of C. siamea medicinal plant with high level of active antimalarial compound (Cassiarin A), a valid method for determining Cassiarin A level is needed. For this reason, this research conducts the validation of the Cassiarin A content with determination method using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) densitometry which includes the determination of selectivity (Rs), linearity (r), accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Cassiarin A was chromatographed on silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate using chloroform : ethanol (85 : 15 v/v) as a mobile phase. Cassiarin A was quantified by densitometric analysis at 368 nm. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with r = 0.9995. The method was validated for precision, recovery, repeatability. The minimum detectable amount was found to be 0.0027 μg/spot, whereas the limit of quantitation was found to be 0.008 μg/spot. The results of this validation are then used to determine the Cassiarin A level of C. siamea leaf from various regions in Indonesia. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the TLC-densitometry method can be used to determine level of the Cassiarin A compound with the advantages of being fast, easy, accurate, and inexpensive. In addition, it showed that C. siamea leaves from Pacitan have the highest level of Cassiarin A compared to other areas studied.

AbstrakDiabetes Melitus (DM) adalah penyakit metabolik kronik yang ditandai dengan meningkatnya kadar glukosa darah. Kepatuhan pengobatan yang rendah terhadap terapi pengobatan pada pasien DM tipe 2 dapat mengakibatkan peningkatan resiko biaya pengobatan serta peningkatan komplikasi penyakit. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan terhadap pengobatan dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian edukasi. Edukasi dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara salah satunya dengan pemberian booklet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kepatuhan minum obat pasien DM tipe 2 sebelum dan setelah pemberian booklet dilihat dari kadar Glukosa Darah Sewaktu (GDS) dan skor Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8) dan mengetahui hubungan antara kadar GDS dan skor MMAS-8 terhadap tingkat kepatuhan minum obat pasien DM tipe 2 di Puskesmas Wua-Wua Kota Kendari Tahun 2018. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian quasi eksperimental dengan sampel sebanyak 40 pasien DM tipe 2 yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu 20 pasien kelompok kontrol dan 20 pasien kelompok intervensi. Kadar glukosa darah sewaktu dan skor MMAS-8 diukur sebelum dan setelah empat minggu pemberian intervensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan tingkat kepatuhan minum obat pasien DM tipe 2 di Puskesmas Wua-Wua Kota Kendari sebelum dan setelah pemberian booklet. Berdasarkan kadar GDS, kelompok kontrol sebelum dan setelah pemberian booklet yaitu 296,2 mg/dL turun menjadi 261,85 mg/dL, sedangkan kelompok intervensi yaitu 275,7 mg/dL turun menjadi 198,1 mg/dL. Berdasarkan skor MMAS-8 pada kelompok kontrol sebelum dan setelah pemberian booklet yaitu 3,4 menjadi 2,35 sedangkan kelompok intervensi yaitu 4,45 menjadi 0,8. Hasil uji korelasi Spearman menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang kuat (r=0,783) antara kadar glukosa darah sewaktu dengan skor MMAS-8 pada pasien DM tipe 2 dalam menggambarkan tingkat kepatuhan pasien dengan taraf kepercayaan p=0,000 (p<0,05), dimana nilai p menunjukkan bahwa edukasi DM melalui pemberian booklet efektif membantu meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien yang dapat dilihat dari skor MMAS-8 rendah dan kadar GDS yang rendah.Kata kunci: DM Tipe 2,  MMAS-8, Booklet, Kepatuhan AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is chronic metabolic disease characterized by increased blood glucose levels. Low medication compliance for treatment therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes can result in increased risk of treatment costs and increased disease complications. One way to improve adherence of treatment can be done by providing education. Education can be done in various ways one of them is by giving booklets. This study aims to determine the level of compliance for taking medication of patients with type 2 DM before and after the administration of the booklet seen from the level of Blood Glucose While (GDS) and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8) scores and determine the relationship between GDS levels and MMAS-scores 8 to the level of compliance for taking medication of patients with type 2 DM in Wua-Wua Health Center, Kendari City in 2018. This research is quasi-experimental study type with 40 patients with type 2 DM divided into 2 groups: 20 control group and 20 intervention group. Blood glucose levels and MMAS-8 scores were measured before and after four weeks of intervention. The results showed that there were differences in the level of compliance for taking medication of type 2 DM patients at Wua-Wua Health Center in Kendari City before and after the booklet was given. Based on the level of GDS, the control group before and after the administration of the booklet was 296.2 mg / dL down to 261.85 mg / dL, while the intervention group that was 275.7 mg / dL fell to 198.1 mg / dL. Based on MMAS-8 scores in the control group before and after the administration of the booklet, it was 3.4 to 2.35 while the intervention group was 4.45 to 0.8. The Spearman correlation test results showed that there was strong relationship (r = 0.783) between the blood glucose levels when with MMAS-8 scores in type 2 DM patients in describing the level of compliance of patients with level p = 0,000 (p <0.05), p-value indicates that DM education through effective booklet administration trust helps improve patient compliance which can be seen from low MMAS-8 scores and low GDS levels.Keywords: DM Type 2, MMAS-8, Booklet, Compliance