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ABSTRAKBeragam teori dalam ilmu sosial telah dibangun oleh para ahli untuk menjelaskan tindakan manusia baik secara individu maupun secara kolektif. Belakangan ini tindakan manusia banyak dibahas dalam bingkai perdebatan tentang struktur dan agensi. Namun demikian, ada perdebatan pula mengenai arti struktur, agensi dan kaitannya dengan tindakan aktor. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengertian struktur dan agensi serta peranannya terhadap tindakan aktor. Metode yang digunakan adalah me-review dan mengkaji literatur yang membahas topik tersebut. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep struktur itu mempunyai beragam pengertian, mencakup enam bentuk. Sementara itu, dari beragam pengertian agensi, kajian ini mengetengahkan konsep agensi yang menekankan kemampuan seseorang (aktor/agen) untuk berpikir, bersikap dan bertindak secara independen, bebas, dan otonom, sesuai dengan kehendaknya sendiri. Kajian ini juga mengajukan argumentasi bahwa struktur dan agensi itu bersifat dualisme, dan keduanya mempengaruhi tindakan aktor.

Nowadays, Indonesian palm oil faces agrarian, environmental, and social issues and has been subject to sharp criticism from the international community for many years. To answer this problem, the Indonesian government implemented a strategy through certification which ensured the achievement of sustainability standards, especially on the upstream side of the palm oil supply chain. The implementation of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) was an ultimate instrument that applied in particular to smallholders oriented towards managing land legal issues, plantation business licenses, plant seeds, and environmental management and to farmer organizations at the local level. However, this process faced quite complex challenges in the form of structural barriers that are very constraining. This study revealed the occurrence of the phenomenon of hollow governance when regulations are absent or collide with each other. The study also revealed institutional power and multi-level governance that made the governance process ineffective or counterproductive. With a qualitative approach to research conducted in three important palm oil provinces of Indonesia, this article aims to look at the issues of oil palm governance a bit more comprehensively. The study conceptualized what was referred to as low-functioning governance to describe how weak the institutions, organizations, actors, and resources are that support ISPO implementation, especially at the regional and local levels. This paper suggests improving and strengthening the ISPO oil palm governance if Indonesian palm oil companies and smallholders want to gain better credibility on sustainability abroad.

Keywords:zones; marine of national park; tourist; fi shers. AbstrakPembuatan zonasi bukanlah persoalan biasa dan alami melainkan proses yang rumit, yang menentukan diperbolehkan atau dilarangnya kegiatan para pengguna sumber daya alam. Secara ekonomi, zonasi dapat berpotensi mendatangkan keuntungan dan kerugian, dan secara sosial menimbulkan konfl ik akibat pembatasan akses. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk mengulas pemanfaatan zonasi dan akibatnya bagi pengguna sumber daya laut di Taman Nasional Bali Barat (TNBB). Hasilnya, pemanfaatan zonasi di laut TNBB dapat digunakan untuk perlindungan ekologi-biologi, pariwisata, dan perikanan dengan para pengguna yaitu Balai TNBB, perusahaan pariwisata dan nelayan. Zonasi berakibat pada pengaturan kegiatan para pengguna termasuk pembatasan. Kata Kunci:zonasi; perairan laut taman nasional; pariwisata; nelayan.1 Peneliti di Sajogyo Institute (SAINS) Bogor, Peneliti berterima kasih kepada Ni Made Indrawati, pihak TNBB dan semua pihak yang telah membantu penelitian ini.

ABSTRAKPenelitian dalam tulisan ini bertujuan, (1) menganalisis akses sumber daya berbasis hak kepemilikan sumber daya, dan (2) menganalisis mekanisme akses berbasis struktural dan relasional. Penelitian dilakukan di Waduk Djuanda, Jatiluhur, Kabupaten Purwakarta, Jawa Barat. Penelitian menggunakan paradigma kritis dan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan akses sumber daya berbasis hak diperoleh melalui regulasi formal dan teridentifikasi perbedaan kepentingan diantara pihak otoritas. Perum Jasa Tirta II (PJT II) cenderung membatasi dan mengurangi jumlah keramba jaring apung (KJA), namun Dinas Peternakan dan Perikanan cenderung mempertahankan jumlah KJA. Hasil analisis mekanisme akses berbasis struktural dan relasional menunjukkan aktor pengguna menggunakan mekanisme akses sebagai strategi memperoleh, mempertahankan dan mengontrol akses sumber daya. Mekanisme akses berbasis struktural dan relasional meliputi konfigurasi teknologi, modal, pasar, pengetahuan, otoritas, identitas sosial dan relasi sosial. Implikasi kebijakan penelitian ini perlu dilakukannya redistribusi hak pemanfaatan bertujuan mengantisipasi ketimpangan dan ketidakadilan sosial serta kesempatan usaha. Kata Kunci: waduk, akses, strategi ABSTRACT

<p>ABSTRACT<br />To overcome some economic difficulties, especially poverty, most poor people in the rural area decide to adopt a migration strategy (especially going to foreign countries). The decision to become international migrants contributes to the national economy (foreign exchange) at the macro level and their nuclear family (remittance) at the micro level. The remittance or cash money, in turn, enables them to meet their needs and even accumulate some assets (e.g. land and house) to be used as capital, resulting in a transformation of local agrarian structure. Some studies showed that the welfare of migrants’ families has increased significantly. Such an improved welfare of poor rural families has made rural community more dynamic in the vertical social mobility, including the efforts to extend their contract and motivate family members and the community to become international migrants (theory of cumulative causes, poverty-agrarian proposition, and poverty-migration proposition). This study has four initial hypotheses, namely: (1) change in agrarian structure affects poverty condition, (2) poverty (agrarian) affects population mobility, (3) population mobility (resulted remittance) affects agrarian structure, and (4) structural change in agraria causes new poverty. The diverse management and utilization of agrarian resources (poverty condition and the choice of population mobility —international migration) imply changes in the local agrarian structure which in turn produces new poverty and new agrarian classes.<br />Keywords: agrarian structure, poverty, population mobility, persistence</p><p>ABSTRAK<br />Masyarakat miskin pedesaan pada akhirnya memilih menjadi pelaku migran dalam upaya mengatasi sejumlah kesulitan ekonomi (mengatasi masalah kemiskinan) yang dihadapinya. Pelaku migrasi mengambil keputusan dan berangkat menjadi migran pada akhirnya berkontribusi secara nasional (devisa negara) di aras makro dan terlebih di aras mikro (keluarga inti) pelaku migran-berupa remiten. Hasil remiten (khususnya ekonomi-uang) pada akhirnya dapat memenuhi kebutuhan keluarga dan bahkan mampu mengakumulasi asset (misal lahan dan rumah) untuk dijadikan modal bahkan ke arah perubahan struktur agraria lokal. Hasil dari beberapa penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan kesejahteraan keluarga pelaku migrasi. Perubahan kesejahteraan masyarakat miskin ini menjadi makin baik pada akhirnya mendinamisasi masyarakat pedesaan misalnya mobilitas sosial vertikal naik, termasuk upaya-upaya untuk melanjutkan kontrak menjadi pelaku migran, mendorong anggota keluarga dan komunitas menjadi pelaku migran (teori penyebab kumulatif, proposisi kemiskinan-agraria, proposisi kemiskinan-migrasi).Tiga hipotesis pengarah sebagai gagasan awal adalah (1) perubahan struktur agraria mempengaruhi kondisi kemiskinan; (2) kemiskinan (agraria) mempengaruhi laju gerak penduduk; (3) gerak penduduk (menghasilkan remiten) mempengaruhi perubahan struktur agraria, dan (3) perubahan struktur agraria menghasilkan kemiskinan baru. Ragam implikasi pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya agraria (kondisi kemiskinan dan pilihan gerak penduduk-migrasi internasional) berimplikasi pada perubahan struktur agraria dan selanjutnya menghasilkan kemiskinan baru dan golongan kelas baru.<br />Kata Kunci: stuktur agraria, kemiskinan, gerak penduduk, persisten</p>

The expansion of oil palm plantations run very quickly within two decades in Indonesia. It provides a certain amount of risk against natural resources and the environment. These risks are mainly landscape changes, ecosystems changes and livelihood system change of the rural society.  In order to suppress risk, sustainability standards for plantation operation, needs to be implemented.  One of the instruments that ensure sustainability standards is ISPO (Indonesia Sustainable Palm Oil).  However, its implementation is still limited to be voluntary.  In the near future, ISPO will be implemented as mandatory for all business model of oil palm plantation as well as for oil palm mills.  This research is about to find out the readiness of the oil palm smallholders to implement ISPO, in particular with regard to the parameters of land seeds legality, land legality, and knowledge on the management of the environment. This research was conducted in several villages in three locations, namely in Riau, Central Kalimantan and East Kalimantan Province. A number of respondents were withdrawn from each village and were selected using simple random sampling method. The results showed that land legality parameter, legality of the seed, and knowledge of oil palm smallholders about environmental management reveals unreadiness of the smallholder to carry out ISPO certification. Thus, the risk of a oil palm plantation expansion towards natural resources and the environment, will still be a great challenge in the future.

Residents of Raja Ampat, Papua, have been practicing sasi for generations to manage local marine resources. Recognizing its importance for marine resource conservation, efforts have been made to integrate sasi into current conservation management approach. This study was carried out with 3 objectives: (1) to define and elaborate sasi; (2) to examine the benefits of sasi for conservation of marine resources; and (3) to evaluate the change of sasi in the context of conservation. Multi-method approaches were employed to collect data from local communities in Dampier Strait District MPA in 2 separate sampling periods. Results indicated that sasi in Raja Ampat could generally be categorized into samson or kabus which basically reflect different aspects such as location, type of commodity, implementing ceremony, period of closure, the influence of monsoons, and communal ownership. The benefits identified included the increase in target fish production, the lowered level of exploitation, the improved recovery of fish stocks, and the increase in the local people's income. From the modern conservation management point of view, it was obvious that sasi could help protect and sustain marine biological resources. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate sasi into modern conservation management practices and vice versa.