ABSTRAKHutan mangrove merupakan komunitas vegetasi pantai tropis, yang didominasi oleh beberapa jenis pohon mangrove yang mampu tumbuh dan berkembang pada daerah pasang surut pantai berlumpur. Aktivitas penebangan dan pengalihan fungsi hutan mangrove oleh masyarakat sekitar menyebabkan luasan hutan mangrove di Kawasan Delta Mahakam mengalami penurunan. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu: untuk mengindentifikasi jenis dan fungsi ekosistem dari luasan hutan mangrove; menghitung nilai ekonomi total yang dihasilkan oleh hutan mangrove; mengkaji faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap manfaat ekonomi yang diperoleh pada kawasan hutan mangrove Delta Mahakam, Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat empat tipe hutan mangrove yang dominan pada kawasan tersebut yaitu bakau (Rhizopora spp), api-api (Avicennia spp), pedada (Sonneratia spp) dan nipah (Nypa fructicans), dan mengalami penurunan fungsi (penahan abrasi, lapang pekerjaan, dan tempat tinggal) akibat berkurangnya luasan hutan mangrove. Hasil ini didukung dengan perhitungan nilai ekonomi total pada tahun 2012 sebesar Rp503.071.398.869,2. Faktorfaktor yang memengaruhi manfaat ekonomi hutan mangrove agar tetap lestari pada nilai rekreasi yaitu biaya perjalanan, umur, pekerjaan mahasiswa, dan jumlah tanggungan, sedangkan faktor yang memengaruhi keberadaan hutan mangrove yaitu pekerjaan (swasta dan mahasiswa) dan pendapatan, sementara faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kelestarian bekantan yaitu pendapatan, asal dalam daerah dan luar daerah.

This article examines developing a community that cares about the environment through education in schools. As a place to study, Adiwiyata school has a special role in improving environmental literacy through green projects. The study used descriptive qualitative to determine the delay in green programs at Adiwiyata School at the high school level in Banda Aceh City. In addition, this study also wants to reveal the role ofAdiwiyataSchool in realizing school community who is responsible for environmental protection and management efforts through good school governance to support sustainable development. One of its roles is the development of student work through green projects. The research result revealed that green project encourages students to learn more effectively and creatively. Because students need the flexibility to think, act and channel various needs, abilities, and skills in meeting environmental needs. Competency development of students can be honed through real work such as products that utilize waste, contain articles, art training and so on. In addition,Adiwiyataprogrammeenhances learning and action, thus providing effective methods to improve student environmental literacy. Adiwiyataschool is expected to be an agent of change for the community in the environment around the school. The schools must be a model in realizing a healthy and comfortable environment as a model in realizing caring and cultured citizens of the school.

Ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit menghasilkan lanskap perubahan ekologi, deforestasi, hilangnya daerah<br />tanaman dan hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati. Ini memberikan dampak pada sistem mata pencaharian rumah<br />tangga di wilayah tersebut. Selain itu, pertanian keluarga yang hidup di sekitar hutan yang tergantung pada lahan<br />dan hutan. Ini berarti bahwa perkebunan kelapa sawit rentan terhadap kaus kaki pada sistem kehidupan rumah<br />tangga pertanian. Rumahtangga pertanian mencoba untuk mengurangi kerentanan oleh beberapa strategi yang<br />menggunakan lima modal (keuangan, fisik, sumber daya manusia, sumber daya alam, dan sosial). Jika rumah<br />tangga pertanian dapat mengurangi rentan sehingga rumah tangga pertanian membangun ketahanan penghidupan<br />berhasil. Pertanyaan penelitian adalah (1) Bagaimana perubahan ekologi lanskap mempengaruhi ketahanan<br />rumah tangga pertanian? (2) Bagaimana dampak perubahan ekologi lanskap pada struktur kehidupan rumah<br />tangga pertanian ?. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Merapun, Kecamatan Kelay, Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan<br />Timur. Metode ini menggunakan metode survei. 30 responden seleksi melalui random sampling. Hasil dari<br />penelitian ini adalah faktor-faktor ketahanan rumah tangga pertanian adalah jenis kelamin kepala rumah tangga,<br />jumlah anggota rumah tangga, tingkat modal, pendapatan rumah tangga dan tingkat kepercayaan pada jaringan.<br />Kata kunci: Ekologi Lansekap Perubahan, Ketahanan, Livelihood System, Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit, Pertanian<br />Rumah Tangga

Nowadays, Indonesian palm oil faces agrarian, environmental, and social issues and has been subject to sharp criticism from the international community for many years. To answer this problem, the Indonesian government implemented a strategy through certification which ensured the achievement of sustainability standards, especially on the upstream side of the palm oil supply chain. The implementation of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) was an ultimate instrument that applied in particular to smallholders oriented towards managing land legal issues, plantation business licenses, plant seeds, and environmental management and to farmer organizations at the local level. However, this process faced quite complex challenges in the form of structural barriers that are very constraining. This study revealed the occurrence of the phenomenon of hollow governance when regulations are absent or collide with each other. The study also revealed institutional power and multi-level governance that made the governance process ineffective or counterproductive. With a qualitative approach to research conducted in three important palm oil provinces of Indonesia, this article aims to look at the issues of oil palm governance a bit more comprehensively. The study conceptualized what was referred to as low-functioning governance to describe how weak the institutions, organizations, actors, and resources are that support ISPO implementation, especially at the regional and local levels. This paper suggests improving and strengthening the ISPO oil palm governance if Indonesian palm oil companies and smallholders want to gain better credibility on sustainability abroad.

Community-based forest management (CBFM) was aimed to achieve the sustainability of forest functions and to omptimize its benefits. CBFM around the Forest Lap Area in North Bandung is a joint forest management between Perum Perhutani and forest villagers. The purposes of this study were; (1) to analyse the processes and stakeholders of CBFM, (2) to analyse the institution effectiveness of CBFM, (3) to analyse the result of the CBFM implementation The approach of this research was the stakeholder analysis and IPA (importance of Performance Analysis). The result of stakeholder mapping showed that Perum Perhutani and LMDH had the role in the implementation of CBFM system. The results of the economic impact of CBFM calculations indicated that the system could increase the income of MDH. This was indicated by the change in the average income of farmers by 63%. The result of IPA could be seen from the mapping of availability level of forest resources and forest resource need for the community included in B quadran in which it had a high level of availability and interest.

Palm oil-based biodiesel in Indonesia is facing critical issue with regard to its sustainability status in both upstream and downstream sides. International market of palm oil keeps questioning this sustainability standard of Indonesia oil palm. Three interrelated dimensions of sustainability should be fulfilled only if a product to gain growing market acceptance internationally, i.e. economically profitable, ecologically sound and socially acceptable. To determine the sustainability of Indonesia's palm oil-based biodiesel, this paper pays attention in particular to measuring sustainability status of biodiesel in the upstream to downstream side along its supply chain. The analysis of the sustainability of palm oil-based biodiesel in Indonesia is done thoroughly all related activities on the upstream (agricultural-cultivation activities) up to the downstream (manufacturing activities) side. A rap-bioenergy approach, which included the use of MDS (multidimensional scaling) analyses is applied in the analysis. The results of these analyses show that palm oil-based biodiesel in Indonesia is facing serious sustainability status. Among other three parameters, ecological aspect/parameter is a very serious one. This is especially the case for cultivation activities. This paper concludes that if Indonesia desires international markets to accept the existence of palm oil-based biodiesel, then improvements in ecological aspect should be priority.

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ABSTRAKKelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis) merupakan salah satu komoditas utama tanaman perkebunan Indonesia sebagai penghasil devisa negara. Ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit berpotensi memberikan manfaat ekonomi, namun dapat mengakibatkan gangguan lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikaji dampak secara ekonomi dan lingkungan akibat ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis pendapatan untuk mengestimasi manfaat ekonomi, analisis deskriptif untuk mengidentifikasi dampak lingkungan, dan untuk mengestimasi biaya eksternal menggunakan replacement cost dan cost of illness. Ekspansi mengakibatkan petani merubah sebagian atau seluruh kebun karet menjadi kebun kelapa sawit yang mengakibatkan peningkatan pendapatan sebesar 40,52%. Selain di sektor on-farm, petani mendapat manfaat tambahan di sektor off-farm (24,46%), dan non-farm (25,61%), sehingga total peningkatan pendapatan petani adalah 33,42%. Berdasarkan persepsi masyarakat dampak lingkungan akibat ekspansi kebun kelapa sawit berupa berkurangnya kuantitas air tanah, pencemaran air, dan berkurangnya populasi satwa. Adapun dampak lingkungan dari pabrik crude palm oil (CPO) adalah menghasilkan limbah cair dari pengolahan kelapa sawit yang menimbulkan biaya eksternal bagi masyarakat berupa biaya pengganti air bersih dan biaya berobat.Kata kunci: dampak ekonomi, dampak lingkungan, ekspansi, kelapa sawit ABSTRACT Oil palm is one of the major plantation commodity that earns foreign exchange. The expansion of oil palm plantation potentially gives not only economic benefits, but also the environmental problems. Therefore, the economic and environmental impacts of oil palm plantation expansion need to be assessed. This study uses revenue analysis to estimate the economic benefits, descriptive analysis to identify environmental impacts, and to estimate external costs using replacement cost and cost of illness. In this research, expansion is defined as the conversion of a part of or whole rubber plantation to oil palm plantation. The expansion resulted in farmers turning some or all of rubber gardens into palm oil plantations that resulted in an increase in revenues of 40.52%. In addition to the onfarm sector, farmers benefit from off-farm (24.46%) and non-farm (25.61%), bringing the total increase of farmers' income by 33.42%. Based on community perceptions of environmental impacts due to oil palm plantation expansion in the form of reduced quantity of groundwater, water pollution, and decreased animal population. The environmental impact of crude palm oil (CPO) factories is to produce liquid waste from palm oil processing that raises external costs for the community in the form of the replacement cost of clean water and the cost of illness.