Introduction: The relationships between the social indicators (SIs) that determine food insecurity (FI) have not been described yet. This systematic review aims to identify which SIs are associated with FI in Brazilian households and how these relationships are explained. Methods: The research protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO - CRD42018106527). Three independent researchers performed the search in the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and National Library of Medicine (PubMed) databases (June/2018). The study included articles that used the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar - EBIA) to assess FI and that evaluated the association between SIs and FI. Results: We included 18 articles in this review. The Kappa concordance index between the researchers was 0.72 (95%CI 0.42 - 1.00). Most articles were cross-sectional and used multivariate regression for the statistical analysis. At least one income-related SI had a significant association with FI, and, in most studies, they presented the highest values of association measures. We organized the authors’ explanation about the relationships between SIs and FI in a conceptual model. The study identified three possible justifications for the association between SIs and FI: direct relationship, relationship mediated by income, or relationship mediated by another SI and income. Conclusion: Income assumed a central role in the mediation between several SIs and FI. However, the analysis methods of the studies did not allow us to investigate this mediation. Therefore, improving data analysis to isolate and understand the effect of SIs on FI is still necessary.

Objective:Food insecurity (FI) is a challenge to policy makers worldwide, who need to understand which polices and programmes are effective at overcoming FI. The present study aimed to examine the impact of family income and conditional cash transfers on changes in household FI status in a highly vulnerable municipality in Northeast Brazil.Design:A population-based longitudinal cohort study among families in a municipality in the semi-arid area in Northeast Brazil (2011 and 2014). FI was estimated with the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (EBIA). The effects of family income and cash transfer on changes in FI were estimated using logistic regression models and the population-attributable risk fraction.Setting:Households in Cuité, Paraíba, Brazil.Participants:Household respondents interviewed in 2011 (n 358) and 2014 (n 326).Results:There was a reduction in FI prevalence of 17·5 % across time; 24·5 % of families who were food insecure in 2011 became food secure in 2014. After adjustment, families that did not experience an increase in their total household income or a reduction in the cash transfer amount were at increased risk of persistent FI across time. If the cash transfer programme had not been in place, about 10 % of the families that switched from food insecure to food secure across time would have remained in FI instead.Conclusions:The decrease of FI occurred in an area of extreme climatic and social vulnerability. These changes were more related to the cash transfer than the increase in family income over time.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar a prática alimentar de crianças menores de dois anos de idade residentes em municípios do interior do Estado da Paraíba. MÉTODOS: Estudo secional realizado nos 14 municípios mais carentes do Estado da Paraíba. Foram pesquisados 539 domicílios com pelo menos uma criança com idade entre 0 e 23,9 meses. Aplicou-se às mães recordatório 24 horas sobre alimentação das crianças. O modelo de análise considerou três momentos do crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança, identificando as recomendações de consumo alimentar pertinentes. RESULTADOS: Crianças de 0-5,9 meses: destacou-se um importante percentual de desmame (20,7%) e a reduzida prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo (30,5%). Crianças de 6-11,9 meses: 45,2% ainda mamavam, porém apenas 21,7% das crianças entre 6 e 9,9 meses apresentaram uma alimentação complementar oportuna. Crianças entre 12-23,9 meses: a prática alimentar das crianças caracterizou-se essencialmente pelo consumo de leite não materno e pelo consumo insuficiente de alimentos fontes de ferro. CONCLUSÃO: O hábito alimentar distancia-se de uma prática alimentar segura, especialmente pela interrupção precoce do aleitamento materno exclusivo e sua consequente substituição por refeições à base de leite não materno, expondo esse grupo a situações de insegurança alimentar e nutricional.

Objective: To analyze the anthropometric nutritional status and clinical signs of nutritional deficiencies by social vulnerability status of children aged 0-9 years enrolled in day care centers and municipal public schools in the city of Cuité, Paraíba. Methods: A cross-sectional study with the convenience sample composed by 629 children. Family social information was collected and classified according to the poverty line. Anthropometric measurements were performed and nutritional semiology was performed to determine nutritional status. Results: The prevalence of overweight children prevailed underweight children between both of income groups analyzed. It was possible to verify the presence of 3 to 5 signals of clinical alterations related with nutritional deficiencies in about 20% of children who live in families above and below the poverty line. However, It was verified that children who show from 3 to 5 deficiency signs and are included in families who live below the poverty line presented higher weight deficit percentage (19,5%) than overweight (15,6%). For children from families who live above the poverty line with the same clinical alterations, the prevalence of overweight (20%) was significantly higher than underweight (8,9%), proving that the presence of signs of nutritional deficiencies are also present in children with opposite weight characteristics. Conclusion: Therefore, for different conditions of social vulnerability, it is possible to perceive the presence of a double burden of diseases derived from eating habits: The overweight and the deficiency of specific nutrients, typical characteristics from the contemporary process of the Brazilian nutritional transition.

Resumo Introdução A raiva é uma infecção zoonótica transmitida pela inoculação do vírus através da saliva e secreções de animais infectados. O trabalho avaliou o perfil dos agravos e a conduta do atendimento antirrábico humano pós-exposição, entre 2006 e 2013, em Cuité-PB. Método Foram avaliadas 184 fichas dos agravos incluídos no SINAN (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação). Utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado e calcularam-se a razão de prevalência (RP) e os intervalos de confiança (IC). Resultados Na análise dos acidentes, 53,3% eram do sexo feminino e 39,1% tinham entre 20 e 59 anos. A mordedura foi a agressão mais frequente (72,3%), e as lesões graves foram 41,5% das agressões. Os cães foram responsáveis por 66,1% das agressões. Foram registradas agressões por gatos, primatas e raposas. Verificou-se associação entre a espécie agressora e o sexo dos indivíduos (p=0,019) e maior frequência de agressões por cães em homens (RP= 1,587, IC=1,039-2,422) e por gatos em mulheres (RP=1,415, IC=1,080-1,855). Observou-se associação entre agressões por cães em membros inferiores (p=0,008, RP=2,065, IC=1,138-3,749) e por gatos em mãos/pés (p=0,001, RP=2,045, IC=1,340-3,123). 59,8% das condutas foram observação+vacina e 59,2% seguiram o protocolo do Ministério da Saúde. Conclusão deve haver uma melhora na indicação dos tratamentos e no registro dos agravos.

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Introduction: The nutritional transition in Brazil has also reached the infant population. In this context, studies have demonstrated high prevalence of overweight and obesity in school-aged children. Objective: analyze the nutritional and anthropometric status of children in a public school between the years of 2013 and 2015. Methods: for which a longitudinal study was developed using a 2013 baseline study. The final sample consisted of 73 students with initial age between 3 and 9 years. Socioeconomic, anthropometric and school feeding practices were collected using questionnaires according to the school age. The nutritional status was determined by the collection of measures of weight and height, later these were used for expression z Weight / Age and Height / Age scores. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that a significant percentage of schoolchildren remained overweight and obese from the Weight / Age index (21.8%) and at low weight risk by the Height / Age and Weight / Age (4.1% and 3%, 6%). These students presented a growth and weight gain within the norms of normality and the majority presented adequate weight for the age, nevertheless there was an expressive portion of schoolchildren who are underweight and overweight / obese. Conclusions: The nutritional status of children is related to several factors that should be addressed through actions to develop food and nutrition surveillance and food and nutrition education with students to promote healthy eating habits.