Objective: To conduct a systematic review aimed at identifying and characterizing the experience-based household food security scales and to synthesize their psychometric properties.

Introduction: The relationships between the social indicators (SIs) that determine food insecurity (FI) have not been described yet. This systematic review aims to identify which SIs are associated with FI in Brazilian households and how these relationships are explained. Methods: The research protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO - CRD42018106527). Three independent researchers performed the search in the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and National Library of Medicine (PubMed) databases (June/2018). The study included articles that used the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar - EBIA) to assess FI and that evaluated the association between SIs and FI. Results: We included 18 articles in this review. The Kappa concordance index between the researchers was 0.72 (95%CI 0.42 - 1.00). Most articles were cross-sectional and used multivariate regression for the statistical analysis. At least one income-related SI had a significant association with FI, and, in most studies, they presented the highest values of association measures. We organized the authors’ explanation about the relationships between SIs and FI in a conceptual model. The study identified three possible justifications for the association between SIs and FI: direct relationship, relationship mediated by income, or relationship mediated by another SI and income. Conclusion: Income assumed a central role in the mediation between several SIs and FI. However, the analysis methods of the studies did not allow us to investigate this mediation. Therefore, improving data analysis to isolate and understand the effect of SIs on FI is still necessary.

O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever a associação entre insegurança alimentar e consumo alimentar de crianças no Município de Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostra probabilística de domicílios; com 402 famílias compostas por crianças de 6 e 30 meses de idade. Insegurança alimentar foi avaliada com base na Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) e o consumo alimentar das crianças foi estimado por dois recordatórios de 24 horas. Comparou-se o consumo dos grupos de alimentos, de energia e de nutrientes entre as categorias de insegurança alimentar. O consumo de doces e de gorduras foi elevado, independentemente do grau de insegurança alimentar, e o consumo de café foi significativamente maior entre crianças com insegurança alimentar. No modelo de regressão linear ajustado por energia, o consumo de proteínas associou-se de forma inversa com a EBIA (p = 0,005). Os resultados encontrados sugerem que a insegurança alimentar das famílias compromete a qualidade da dieta infantil, reduzindo o consumo de alimentos protéicos, aumentando o consumo de café e de alimentos de alta densidade energética.

Abstract

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância entre dois programas computacionais de análise do consumo alimentar de crianças de 6 a 30 meses. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas 100 crianças de 6 a 30 meses de idade entre 407 crianças cujas mães responderam o recordatório de 24 horas em visitas domiciliares. Foram comparados: 1) as gramaturas das medidas caseiras dos 10 alimentos mais consumidos entre os dois programas e em relação a uma tabela de pesos e medidas nacional; 2) os valores médios do consumo de consumo de energia e nutrientes. A análise estatística foi feita através do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e metodologia descrita por Bland & Altman. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas diferenças entre as gramaturas em relação à medida caseira correspondente para quase todos os alimentos selecionados. Comparando as médias de consumo entre os dois programas, observamos maior correlação entre o consumo de carboidratos (r=0,81) e menor correlação para o consumo de zinco (r=0,52). As médias de consumo de energia e de macronutrientes pelo programa Virtual Nutri foram superiores aos valores obtidos pelo NutWin, enquanto que para o consumo de micronutrientes observamos valores superiores na análise pelo program NutWin. O consumo de vitamina C e retinol revelou diferença reduzida entre os programas. CONCLUSÃO: Os programas selecionados para análise do consumo dietético infantil apresentam diferenças quanto às gramaturas utilizadas, que se refletem através das diferenças na estimava de energia e nutrientes consumidos.

No abstract

Kindness involves care and non-judgmental understanding toward someone. As a prosocial inclination, kindness would increase the possibility of favorable interaction with the environment, with a successful adjustment of one's response in novel or challenging circumstances, taking into account rules or goals. This adjustment ability is commonly referred to as executive functions, dependent on the prefrontal and parietal functioning, still under development during late adolescence. This study aimed to investigate if kindness would relate with the executive functions. If so, it would correlate more with measures of self-regulation, mainly dependent on the medial prefrontal corticosubcortical circuits. Also, among self-regulating processes, kindness would be more associated with autonomic responses—choices guided by one's understanding/intention - than with adaptive responses—changes on one's choices triggered by unfavorable circumstances. A sample of 46 (31 female; 18 to 21 years-old) healthy college students from the University of the State of Rio de Janeiro attended a clinical interview and a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Kindness was measured by the Compassion Scale subscore. Generalized non-linear models for each neuropsychological variable were executed on R, followed by an estimation of weighted parameters for each factor. Significant models which included kindness (weighted parameter Pc > 74) and all of their psychosocial or sociodemographic factors on their maximum expression (Pc > 74) were identified. In a contextualized joint influence with other psychosocial and sociodemographic factors, kindness fits equally goal- and circumstantial- self-regulation, as well as integrative organization of information. Kindness is a principle that optimizes a refreshing and prosocial interaction with the environment. As it anticipates sharing and cooperation behaviors, it might have a primordial function on individual and social development.

The prevalence of binge eating spectrum conditions (BESC) are increasing globally. However, there is a lack of data from general population samples in low- and middle-income countries. Thus, this study described the food consumption during objective binge eating episodes (OBE) in people with BESC from a metropolitan city in Brazil. Participants comprised 136 adults (18 years old–60 years old) with Binge Eating Disorder (BED), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), or recurrent binge eating (RBE) from a two-phase epidemiological survey. They were interviewed in their homes by trained lay interviewers using the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns updated for the DSM-5 to assess BESC diagnosis and food consumption during a typical OBE. Overall, participants consumed a mean of 1067 kcal during the episodes. For the most part, these calories were derived from carbohydrates (58%) and lipids (30%), irrespective of the diagnosis. Regarding food item consumption, individuals with BED and RBE consumed staple foods (mainly rice and beans) more frequently than those with BN. Conversely, participants with BN ingested sugar-sweetened beverages more frequently than the BED group. In conclusion, there were differences in the eating patterns of individuals with BESC in Brazil. BED and RBE participants consumed more typical foods, whereas those with BN preferred foods with a high content of energy during their OBE.