RESUMO.A biodiversidade de abelhas no mundo é muito grande. São conhecidas cerca de 20.000 espécies. As abelhas são os principais polinizadores e são cruciais para muitas culturas agrícolas, além de contribuir para a conservação da biodiversidade vegetal. Muitas plantas de importância econômica dependem desses insetos polinizadores, que contribuem para aumento da produção de frutos e sementes. A criação de abelhas tem se destacado como uma das poucas atividades zootécnicas que causa baixo impacto ambiental e ao mesmo tempo proporciona um rápido retorno do capital investido. Altas taxas de mortalidade e o desaparecimento das abelhas deixam em risco a segurança alimentar nacional e internacional. Vários fatores podem contribuir para altos índices de mortalidade, dentre eles a morte da rainha, falta de reserva de alimentos, condições pobres de forrageamento em consequência da perda de habitat, exposição a pesticidas e doenças causadas por fungos, bactérias e parasitos. Entre as principais doenças que acometem as abelhas podemos destacar a Varroose, Loque Americana, Nosemosi e Desordem do Colapso das Colônias. Discutida a importância das abelhas, medidas profiláticas de controle e preservação devem ser tomadas a fim de garantir manutenção e sobrevivência das abelhas. Palavras chave: Sustentabilidade, sobrevivência, perda economia Factors that influence population decline of bees: ReviewABSTRACT. The biodiversity of bees in the world is very large. They are known about 20,000 species. Bees are the main pollinators and are crucial for many crops, and contribute to the conservation of plant biodiversity. Many plants of economic importance rely on these pollinating insects, which contribute to increased production of fruits and seeds. The beekeeping has emerged as one of the few animal husbandry activities that cause low environmental impact while providing a rapid return on invested capital. High mortality rates and the disappearance of bees leaving at risk the national and international food security. Several factors can contribute to high mortality rates, including the death of the queen, lack of food supply, poor conditions of foraging as a result of habitat loss, pesticide exposure and diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and parasites. Among the major diseases affect bees can highlight the Varroa mites, foulbrood American, Nosemosi and Collapse Disorder Colony. Discussed the importance of bees, prophylactic measures of control and preservation must be taken to ensure the maintenance and survival of bees.

Os sistemas silvipastoris é uma modalidade dos sistemas agroflorestais, onde a produção animal, forrageira e árborea encontra-se em consórcio na mesma área, no mesmo tempo. A maior parte da produção da pecuária bovina no Brasil baseia-se na utilização de pastagens. No Brasil, há mais de 100 milhões de hectares com pastagens cultivadas, cerca de 80% dessas pastagens encontram-se em algum grau de degradação. Uma alternativa para a recuperação dessas pastagens de forma sustentável e o uso de sistemas silvipastoris. Entretanto os sistemas sombreados são muito dinâmicos e podem modificar a estrutura do pasto de forma significativa quanto a quantidade e a qualidade da forrageira produzida com reflexos na produção animal,  principalmente em razão da competição por luz, água e nutrientes.

Brazilian aquaculture offers great diversity of native species with potential for cultivation due to the wide biodiversity of different river basins. Because of feeding costs and the importance of species Colossoma macropomum and Piaractus brachypomus for Brazilian aquaculture is essential knowledge of nutritional requirements and factors that may influence the development of balanced rations that allow adequate productive performance of Tambaqui and Pirapitinga. This study aimed to review research results related to nutrition Colossoma macropomum and Piaractus brachypomus. In the scientific literature, publications focus on determining the nutritional requirements of protein, energy and their relationships. They are scarce reviews aimed at determining the amino acid requirements; essential fatty acids, minerals and vitamins, since, for the most part, the diets practices provided to these species are formulated using certain requirements for exotic species. The digestibility of protein fractions and energy commonly used ingredients in feeding native fish should be better clarified. Even the possibility of inclusion of alternative food in the feeding of these fish should be evaluated, especially in species Piaractus brachypomus. Among the studied species it showed the greatest lack of information. We need to deepen the knowledge of the use of lipids and carbohydrates as energy sources, resulting in possible reduction of the protein level of feed. The appropriate levels of protein and energy rations are different, there is the need for standardization of the experiments.

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É notório que a pecuária no Brasil é extremamente dependente da produção de pastagens. Entretanto em sua maioria estas estão ou encontram-se em algum estágio de degradação, em consequência da adoção de práticas de manejo inadequadas. Um dos desafios atuais é fazer com que técnicas de manejo que consideram as respostas fisiológicas de crescimento da planta em função ao pastejo cheguem ao campo, assim proporcionando maiores índices produtivos dos animais e menor índice de degradação dos pastos. Para assegurar a sustentabilidade e sucesso do sistema, é necessário que a aplicação destas técnicas se iniciem junto a introdução da planta forrageira, seja ela em sistema de lotação continua, lotação intermitente ou mesmo em sistemas de consórcio.

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Meliponines are important pollinators of tropical forest species, and an interesting feature of these is the possibility of their creation rationally. The present review highlights the importance of native bees and key points that can boost breeding. Despite its importance to the ecosystem, there are factors that have contributed to the reduction of bees, among them, the intensive occupation of the environment by man, causing impacts through the elimination of food sources. Like any other organism, bees need nutrients for their growth and its scarcity has harmful effects on the development of colonies. Despite its importance the study of artificial diets that can supply the needs of the bees in periods of low availability of food are still insufficient. To supply the lack of nectar one can look for the supply of an energetic food based on the mixture of water and sugar, however there are few studies aiming at the elaboration of protein supplements that can replace the pollen. Studies with complementary supplements enable creators to increase their creation through division and multiplication of colonies. However there is a lack of techniques that would allow the growth and increase of meliponicola production in the country.

Two experiments were performed to evaluate the hematological and blood biochemistry parameters, biometry of digestive organs, enzyme activities, protein content and absolute weight of the pancreas of broilers fed pre-starter and pre-starter diets supplemented or not with amylase from Aspergillus awamori. In total, 120 male Cobb chicks were housed in heated cages in each experiment. A completely randomized experimental design, with two treatments (feed with and without amylase) and six replicates per treatment of 10 birds each was applied. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using the F-test at 5% probability level. The dietary amylase addition did not affect hematological and blood biochemistry parameters and the biometry of the gastrointestinal tract of 7-and 21-d-old broilers, nor the absolute weight, enzyme activities or protein concentration of the pancreas of 7-d-old broilers. However, the inclusion of amylase in the diet reduced amylase activity and pancreatic protein concentration in 21-d-old broilers. The application of amylase to broiler chicken pre-starter and starter feeds is not justified given the pancreatic amylase activity and protein concentrations.