RESUMO.A biodiversidade de abelhas no mundo é muito grande. São conhecidas cerca de 20.000 espécies. As abelhas são os principais polinizadores e são cruciais para muitas culturas agrícolas, além de contribuir para a conservação da biodiversidade vegetal. Muitas plantas de importância econômica dependem desses insetos polinizadores, que contribuem para aumento da produção de frutos e sementes. A criação de abelhas tem se destacado como uma das poucas atividades zootécnicas que causa baixo impacto ambiental e ao mesmo tempo proporciona um rápido retorno do capital investido. Altas taxas de mortalidade e o desaparecimento das abelhas deixam em risco a segurança alimentar nacional e internacional. Vários fatores podem contribuir para altos índices de mortalidade, dentre eles a morte da rainha, falta de reserva de alimentos, condições pobres de forrageamento em consequência da perda de habitat, exposição a pesticidas e doenças causadas por fungos, bactérias e parasitos. Entre as principais doenças que acometem as abelhas podemos destacar a Varroose, Loque Americana, Nosemosi e Desordem do Colapso das Colônias. Discutida a importância das abelhas, medidas profiláticas de controle e preservação devem ser tomadas a fim de garantir manutenção e sobrevivência das abelhas. Palavras chave: Sustentabilidade, sobrevivência, perda economia Factors that influence population decline of bees: ReviewABSTRACT. The biodiversity of bees in the world is very large. They are known about 20,000 species. Bees are the main pollinators and are crucial for many crops, and contribute to the conservation of plant biodiversity. Many plants of economic importance rely on these pollinating insects, which contribute to increased production of fruits and seeds. The beekeeping has emerged as one of the few animal husbandry activities that cause low environmental impact while providing a rapid return on invested capital. High mortality rates and the disappearance of bees leaving at risk the national and international food security. Several factors can contribute to high mortality rates, including the death of the queen, lack of food supply, poor conditions of foraging as a result of habitat loss, pesticide exposure and diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and parasites. Among the major diseases affect bees can highlight the Varroa mites, foulbrood American, Nosemosi and Collapse Disorder Colony. Discussed the importance of bees, prophylactic measures of control and preservation must be taken to ensure the maintenance and survival of bees.
Brazilian aquaculture offers great diversity of native species with potential for cultivation due to the wide biodiversity of different river basins. Because of feeding costs and the importance of species Colossoma macropomum and Piaractus brachypomus for Brazilian aquaculture is essential knowledge of nutritional requirements and factors that may influence the development of balanced rations that allow adequate productive performance of Tambaqui and Pirapitinga. This study aimed to review research results related to nutrition Colossoma macropomum and Piaractus brachypomus. In the scientific literature, publications focus on determining the nutritional requirements of protein, energy and their relationships. They are scarce reviews aimed at determining the amino acid requirements; essential fatty acids, minerals and vitamins, since, for the most part, the diets practices provided to these species are formulated using certain requirements for exotic species. The digestibility of protein fractions and energy commonly used ingredients in feeding native fish should be better clarified. Even the possibility of inclusion of alternative food in the feeding of these fish should be evaluated, especially in species Piaractus brachypomus. Among the studied species it showed the greatest lack of information. We need to deepen the knowledge of the use of lipids and carbohydrates as energy sources, resulting in possible reduction of the protein level of feed. The appropriate levels of protein and energy rations are different, there is the need for standardization of the experiments.
Os sistemas silvipastoris é uma modalidade dos sistemas agroflorestais, onde a produção animal, forrageira e árborea encontra-se em consórcio na mesma área, no mesmo tempo. A maior parte da produção da pecuária bovina no Brasil baseia-se na utilização de pastagens. No Brasil, há mais de 100 milhões de hectares com pastagens cultivadas, cerca de 80% dessas pastagens encontram-se em algum grau de degradação. Uma alternativa para a recuperação dessas pastagens de forma sustentável e o uso de sistemas silvipastoris. Entretanto os sistemas sombreados são muito dinâmicos e podem modificar a estrutura do pasto de forma significativa quanto a quantidade e a qualidade da forrageira produzida com reflexos na produção animal, principalmente em razão da competição por luz, água e nutrientes.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the association between morphometric variables and carcass characteristics in Pirapitinga. We used a thousand specimens of Pirapitinga with an average weight of 1,200 g, which were stunned, slaughtered, weighed, measured, and processed for morphometric and processing yield analysis, to obtain weights, carcass and fillet yields. Initially, the linearity of the variables was verified. Pearson's simple and partial correlation tests were performed between all metrics. Track analysis was performed considering the weights and yields of carcass and filet as dependent variables and the others as independent variables. Ridge regression models were used to eliminate the effects of multicollinearity among the independent variables. Observations showed that the simple correlations between body weights and yields were superior to the partial ones in terms of magnitude. The length and circumference of the specimens were the measures most linearly associated with weight, carcass weight and fillet with rib weight. As for carcass yield and fillet yield, linear correlation coefficients were low and not significant when associated with body weights.With the path analysis, we could observe significant positive correlations between the morphometric measurements for weight, carcass weight and fillet with rib weight.The standard length, body circumference and body circumference/body height ratio are the most correlated. The latter are the most important variables in the evaluation of body weights in Pirapitinga fish. They can serve as criteria for indirect selection in searching for fish with better carcass characteristics. As for fillet and carcass yields, the morphometric variables have not shown to be efficient for indirect selection. K E Y W O R D Sbreeding fish, correlation, multivariate, path analysis, round fish
The objective of this study was to verify the direct and indirect correlation between morphometric measures, ratios, body weight and yield in two lambari species Astyanax lacustris and Astyanax fasciatus and whether the discriminant analysis is capable of separating and allocating the species. We used 102 lambari yellow tail and 60 lambari red tail. The fish were weighed and submitted to the evaluation of the morphometric measurements. The direct and indirect effects were evaluated by the method of track analysis, considering weight at slaughter, weight of body parts and body yields as dependent variables and measures and morphometric ratios as explanatory variables. Astyanax lacustris presented higher height and body width, carcass yield and trunk, while A. fasciatus presented higher head yield and viscera weight. The discriminant analysis was able to classify 79.5% of the two species. Track analysis demonstrated that the morphometric measurements can be used for estimation of body and body components’ weight in A. lacustris and A. fasciatus. However, regarding the corporal yield; the morphometric measures were insufficient to explain the yield variations of the species.
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