Abstract. Mushawwir A, Arifin J, Darwis D, Puspitasari T, Pengerteni DS, Nuryanthi N, Perman R. 2020. Liver metabolic activities of Pasundan cattle induced by irradiated chitosan. Biodiversitas 21: 5571-5578. A total of one hundred and twenty-five, 2-3 year old male Pasundan cattle were used as livestock samples during the three months of this research. They were selected from the local cattle breeding and development center in Ciamis. The animal samples were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups. One group served as the control, or without irradiated chitosan, while the others were used as treatment in varying levels. Each treatment group involved five replicates with 25 Pasundan bulls per treatment i.e five Pasundan bulls per replication. Each group was provided with the following rations: C0 = Control group, without IC (0 ppm IC); C1 = 350 ppm Irradiated Chitosan (IC); C2 = 400 ppm IC; C3 = 450 ppm IC; and C4 = 500 ppm IC. Irradiated chitosan was obtained through the following steps: extraction, deacetylation, and irradiation of chitin using gamma rays. Five mL of blood samples were collected from each bull at the beginning of each month of this experiment, which totaled three months. The blood samples were sucked from the tail/coccygeal vein using a sterilized syringe and vacuum tube containing K3EDTA. The plasma was used to determine the concentration of parameters related to liver metabolism through an automatic biochemical analyzer Kenza 240TX model from Biolabo, using a commercial kit. Each procedure was followed based on the Biolabo kit (Franch) and Randox kit (UK). This study showed that IC reduces the activity of glycogenolysis and glycolysis, but is accompanied by improvements in the biochemical conditions of liver cells. This is a favorable condition for the metabolism of Pasundan bulls in order to enhance their growth and reproduction.

This experiment explores the effect and optimal levels of irradiated Chitosan (IrC) in the diet on lipogenesis and its effect on the blood lipid profile of the Sentul Chickens starter phase. The IrC was generated from shrimp waste chitin, and in addition to being a feed supplement, it has the potential to reduce environmental pollution. Furthermore, Sentul chickens were 100 samples, reared from 0-8 weeks, and the observed variables included triglyceride, cholesterol, and blood Non-Esterified Fatty Acid (NEFA). A completely randomized design (CRD) experimental method was used with four treatments and five replications. The treatments were K0 = basal diet without IrC, K1 = 300 ppm IrC in basal diet, K2 = 350 ppm IrC in basal diet, K3 = 400 ppm IrC in the basal diet. Meanwhile, the samples used for analysis were 40 individuals from the research object based on the average body weight of the population. The results showed that the provision of rations containing IrC (K1) 300 ppm, (K2) 350 ppm, and (K3) 400 ppm had a significant effect (P<0.05) on triglyceride, cholesterol, and NEFA profile in Sentul Chickens blood of the starter phase.

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The research aims to examine the effect of irradiated chitosan (ICh) on enzyme levels (SGPT, SGOT, and Gamma Transpeptidase) in the starter phase of Sentul chickens and its physiological conditions, as a result of fungal contamination from the environment (specifically from feed ingredients). This was conducted in the Poultry Production Laboratory, and the sample analysis was performed at the Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Padjadjaran University. The samples consisted of 100 Sentul chickens reared from 0-8 weeks, and the method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were K0 = basal diet (BD) without ICh, K1 = BD + 300 ppm ICh, K2 = BD + 350 ppm ICh, K3 = BD + 400 ppm ICh. The results showed that ICh was significantly different (P < 0.05) on SGPT, SGOT, and Gamma Transpeptidase levels. Therefore, it was concluded that the administration of 400 ppm ICh in the feed effectively enhanced the liver status of Sentul chickens in the starter phase.

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Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films were irradiated with 450 MeV 129 Xe and 2.2 GeV 197 Au ion beams, and then the resulting latent tracks were etched in a 9 mol dm -3 aqueous KOH solution at 80ºC that had been poured into a conductometric cell. At the same time, the evolution of cylindrical nanopores was monitored by measuring the conductance through the membrane. This in-situ measurement enabled us to examine how the etching kinetics were affected by the various experimental conditions including the parameters (mass and velocity) of the bombarded ions and cell voltages applied between the electrodes. The track etch rate, V T , radial etch rate, V R , and pore radius reaching the final plateau significantly depended on the deposited energy within each track, which is represented by the linear energy transfer (LET). Interestingly, applying a higher voltage to the cell promoted track etching up to the breakthrough probably because the electrophoretic migration of dissolved products occurred out of each pore.

Chitosan has been used as antimicrobial, anti‐fungal, anti‐virus, antioxidant, and anti‐cancer agent. As a new biomaterial, chitosan will be required to undergo certain toxicity tests for biocompatibility and safety assessment; one of the requirements is acute toxicity. In this study, nonirradiated and irradiated chitosan is used. The MW of chitosan is analyzed using GPC. The degree of deacetylation (DD) is measured by FTIR. OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No 423 is used for evaluation of acute oral toxicity tests of nonirradiated and irradiated chitosan using mice with body weight (BW) ranging from 20 to 30 g. During 14 days after the dosing of chitosan, there are daily observations of toxic symptoms, death of test animals, changes in weight gain, and manifestations of toxic effects of individual animals. The results show that nonirradiated and irradiated chitosan with 75 kGy have an average MW of 276.0 and 90.0 kDa, respectively. Chitosan has a DD of 92%, which is increased by 4% at 75 kGy irradiation dose. Administration of nonirradiated and irradiated chitosan with a concentration of 300 mg/kg BW and continuous following with 2000 mg/kg BW show no toxic symptoms or death of mice test animals, LD50 > 5000 mg/kg. It is concluded that nonirradiated and irradiated chitosan with 75 kGy are categorized as practically nontoxic with LD50 > 5000 mg/kg. The dose up to a test limit of 5000 mg/kg BW is estimated to be equivalent to the dose of 38.79 mg (≈ 38.79 g) in humans (70 kg).