Increasing evidences suggest that postprandial hyperglycemia plays an important role in the development of diabetes complications. Therefore, therapeutic approaches that act via lowering of postprandial glucose leading to reduce insulin requirement are currently very attractive. The present study investigated some possible mechanisms of hypoglycemic action of different parts (Whole Okra "WO"; Okra Peel "OP" and Okra Seed "OS") of Ex-maradi Okra fruit variety in the management of diabetes mellitus in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Standard analytical procedures were employed in the study. The results indicated that various parts of Okra fruit have ability to stimulate glycogen synthesis in the liver and delay intestinal absorption of glucose with very significant glucose dialysis retardation index (GDRI) and high glucose adsorption capacity (GAC). Histological examination of the pancreatic tissue after administration of Okra fruit revealed evidence of pancreatic islets cells regeneration. These results suggest that the possible mechanisms of antidiabetic effect of Okra fruit are multidimensional and might involve increased glycogenesis, delay glucose absorption and pancreatic islets regeneration leading to increased insulin secretion. These might help control postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.

oxidative damage to membranes and may also enhance susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. 5,6 Trace-element deficiencies or problems with its absorption are frequently associated to chronic diseases. Chronic hyperglycemia may cause significant alterations in the status of some micronutrients, and on the other hand, some of these nutrients can directly modulate glucose homeostasis. 7,8 The early imbalances of some specific metals may play a role in upsetting normal glucose and insulin metabolism. 9 Despite the great strides made in the understanding and management of diabetes, the disease and disease related complications remains unabated. Phytochemicals identified from traditional medicinal plants are presenting an exciting opportunity for the development of new types of therapeutics. 10 Epidemiological studies demonstrated that many phytonutrients from fruits might protect the human body against oxidative stress. It is a known fact that nutrition and health care are interrelated. Thus the consumption of natural antioxidant phytochemicals was noted to have potential health benefits. 11 Abelmoschus esculentus, 'AE" (Okra or lady"s finger) is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It is one of the most important vegetables widely cultivated throughout the tropical and temperate regions of the world for its tender fruits. 12 This plant is popular with its mucilaginous properties and has been acclaimed to have various health benefits which include anti-diabetic properties. 13 Okra is also known for being high in antioxidants activity as it is rich in phenolic compounds with important biological properties like quarcetin and flavonol derivatives, catechin oligomers and hydroxycinnamic derivatives. 14 The fruit of this particular plant is rich in nutrients like protein, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, folate, vitamins A, B6, C and K, Phosphorus, Zinc, Copper, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, and Manganese all of which plays vital role in human diet and health.

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Cadaba farinosa is used in traditional medicine for treatment of cancer, diabetes, and rheumatism. The research was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The powdered stem bark was extracted successively with the aid of Soxhlet extractor using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The resulting extracts were concentrated on rotary evaporator and the percentage yields were calculated. The phytochemical and TLC profiles of the extracts were studied. The antioxidant activity of the extracts and ascorbic acid (standard) were determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. The total phenolic content of the extracts and tannic acid (standard) were evaluated using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The percentage yields of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were found to be 1.19, 1.37, and 13.93%, respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The TLC profiles of the extracts revealed the presence of compounds as evidenced from their R f values. The total phenolic content of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were found to be 135 and 112 mg, respectively. The free radical scavenging activity demonstrated by the extracts was comparable to ascorbic acid. The ethyl acetate extract had higher phenolic content and demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging with IC50 31.07 mg/mL. The results of research have provided strong preliminary evidence of antioxidant activity which may be because of phenolic compounds in the extracts.

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The adsorption method may be one of the environmentally friendly, economical, and effective techniques to remove phenol from wastewater using low-cost adsorbent activated carbon (AC). The effects of the initial concentration of phenol, temperature, and time of the adsorption on the phenol removal percent were studied. The maximum removal percentage of phenol was 63.73% of the initial 150 mg/l concentration obtained at 25°C. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models have been applied to study the adsorption equilibrium. The results show that both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms fitted the equilibrium data better with a high correlation coefficient (R 2) and a maximum adsorption capacity of 108.70 mg/g. Thorough fitting of adsorption kinetics data followed the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated in the temperature range of 25–50°C. The results show that the adsorption process of phenol on AC is more favorable at low temperatures.