Methanolic extract of T. tetraptera leaves possesses a potent capacity for treatment of diabetes and the accompanying complications, including oxidative stress and hyperlipidemia.
Effects of ethanolic extracts of leaf, seed and fruit of
Datura metel
on kidney function of male albino rats was investigated in this study. The result showed a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase of urea concentration in groups 2 and 3 administered low (300 mg/kg bw) and high (600 mg/kg bw) dose of leaf extract respectively and a non-significant (p > 0.05) decrease in all groups administered the seed and fruit extracts compared with normal control (group 1). Creatinine increased significantly (p < 0.05) in groups 4 and 7 administered low dose (300 mg/kg bw) of seed extract and high dose (600 mg/kg bw) of fruit extract respectively, but increased non-significantly in other groups (2, 3, 5 & 6) compared with normal control. Sodium, potassium and bicarbonate concentrations increased non-significantly (p > 0.05) in all groups administered the various extracts, except in group 4 in which sodium reduced non-significantly (p > 0.05) compared with normal control. Chloride increased significantly (p < 0.05) in group 5 and non-significantly (p > 0.05) in groups 3, 6 and 7, but reduced non-significantly (p > 0.05) in group 4 compared with normal control. The administration of some of the extracts in comparison with the normal control in histology of the animals show glomerular extrusion and glomerular collapse with resultant increased urinary space, dilated tubules, vacuolations in some epithelial lining of most of the tubules in the medulla and inflammatory cellular infiltration at some peritubular regions. The results showed that some parts of
Datura metel
posed mild negative effects, while some parts could possess nephroprotective potential by regulating the kidney function of male albino rats.
Polyphenols have been shown in both in vitro and in vivo experiments to induce responses that are consistent with the protective effects of diets rich in fruits and vegetables against degenerative conditions such as cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Red palm oil, extracted from the fruit mesocarp of Elaeis guineensis is very important in the diet of many Nigerians, and indeed many citizens of developing countries living around the tropics. It contains antioxidant components such as carotenoids (alpha, beta, and gamma carotenes) and vitamin E (tocophorols and tocotrienols), which are of known nutritional and health benefits, but the antioxidant polyphenol contents of this oil is not fully explored. To assess the total antioxidant potential due partly to the scavenging of reactive oxygen specie (ROS) and the inhibition of the enzyme, xanthine oxidase, the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase assay system and the 2-deoxyguanosine-assay model were utilized. These revealed that the oil possesses promising antioxidant and radical scavenging activities with IC 50 values of 95 µM and 219 µM for the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase and 2-deoxyguanosine assays, respectively. Liquid-Chromatography with Electrospray -Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI) showed the presence of the antioxidant, 3,4 hydroxybenzyaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid and ferulic acid in the red palm oil. Thus, in addition to antioxidant compounds like carotenoids, and vitamin E, the red palm oil also contains a rich mixture of phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant and radical scavenging capacities that might also account significantly for its widely reported capacity to modulate stress-related disorders.
As a result of normal metabolic processes, the human body produces reactive oxygen species capable of oxidizing biomolecules that can damage DNA, cells and also contribute to the development of chronic diseases. The process can be attenuated or perhaps reversed by herbs and diets containing components that can scavenge reactive oxygen species. In this study, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total polyphenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) of aqueous, ethanol, nHexane extract as well as ethanol extract fractions of Vitex doniana leaves were determined. Ethanol extract showed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (69.01±1.13) followed by aqueous extract (66.14±1.12) and n-hexane extract (50.05±2.11). The total flavonoids content is in the order; aqueous (304±4.14) > ethanol (276 ±4.69) > n-Hexane (88±3.45). Hence, the total phenolic content is in a similar order as that of total antioxidant capacity. Chloroform : ethyl acetate fraction has the highest antioxidant capacity (165mg/ml). methanol : H 2 O fraction (76mg/ml) and 100% methanol (76mg/ml). Similarly, the total flavonoids content is in the order of fractions; 1>6>4>13>12>2 and others. Total phenolics were in the order of fractions; 1>5>4>12>7>2. There was a strong relationship (R 2 = 0.77) between total antioxidant activity and total flavonoid contents and (R 2 = 0.6517) for total phenolic content of the fractions. The present study demonstrated that V. doniana leaves extracts contain high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic compounds so that these compounds are efficient free radical scavengers.
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