The declining rate of male fertility is a growing concern. Tributyltin (TBT) is a well-known endocrine disruptor (ED), that induces imposex in female gastropods and is widely used in various industrial applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of TBT on the testes of adult albino rats and the possible role of omega-3. Forty two adult male albino rats were divided into five groups; control group (Group I) and four experimental groups: omega-3 treated group, TBT treated group, TBT & omega-3 treated group and follow up group. At the end of the study, the rats were subjected to biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67 and seminal examinations. Our results clarfied that TBT induced a significant decrease in testosterone, FSH, LH and serum glutathione peroxidase levels and a significant increase in the serum Malondialdehyde as compared to the control group. Tributyltin induced disorganization and shrinkage of seminiferous tubules, apoptosis, cellular damage and marked reduction in the germinal epithelium. A significant decrease in the cell proliferation and arrested spermatogenesis were also detected. Seminal analysis of TBT group showed a significant affection of all parameters as compared to other groups. Omega-3 ameliorated all of these hazardous effects. Follow up group still showed toxic effects. In conclusion, TBT has a toxic effect on the testis. Increased testicular oxidative stress, cellular damage and arrest of spermatogenesis with attenuation in antioxidant defenses are all contributing factors. Omega-3 can protect against TBT induced reproductive toxicity.

Introduction: Triphenyltin chloride (TPTC) is one of organotin compounds (OTs). It is present in multiple products as, disinfectants, pesticides, fungicidal wood preservatives and leather-processing facilities. OTs is considered one of the endocrine disruptors. Mammals are affected with these compounds through consumption of marine foods. Aim of the work: the aim was to study the possible protective effect of both grape seed extract (GSE) and curcumin on thyroid gland in the adult albino rats. Material and method: Fifty four adult albino rats were randomly divided in to 7groups: Group I (control) contained 18 rats is subdivided in to 3 subgroups; group Ia (negative) no treatment, group Ib, Ic (vehicle): rats received 0.5 ml distilled water, 0.5 ml corn oil respectively daily for 4 weeks. The other 36 rats are equally divided in to 6 groups (6 rats in each) received treatment daily for 4 weeks through oral gavage. Group II (GSE): at dose 150 mg/kg/day, group III (Curcumin): at dose 100 mg/kg/day, group IV (TPTC): at dose 10 mg/kg/day. There are group V (TPTC + GSE) group VI (TPTC+ Curcumin); group VII (TPTC + GSE + Curcumin). At the end of 4 weeks the rats were weighed, serum was obtained for thyroid hormons level, maliondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme. Rats were sacrificed, thyroids prepared for histopathological by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) , immunohistochemical examination of Caspase-3 and Ki 67 by light microscope and morphometric analysis Results: TPTC adminstration resulted in significant decrease in thyroid hormones T3, T4 with elevated TSH level. Also, MDA level was increased and GPx enzyme activity was decreased. Thyroid glands showed histopathologic, immunohistochemical of Caspase-3 and Ki 67 and morphometric analysis changes. Treatment with both GSE and curcumin alleviated TPTC toxicity, restored thyroid functions and antioxidant profiles to control values more than treatment with only GSE or curcumin as evidenced by the improvement in histopathological, immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis results. Conclusion: The toxic effects of TPTC on thyroid gland were reversed partially by supplementation with either GSE or curcumin and reversed nearly to control values with their combined administration. It is recommended to do further researches about the combined antioxidants usage during exposure to TPTC.

Clozapine (CLZ) is considered the most effective drug in treatment of resistant schizophrenia. However, its cardiotoxic effect has raised concerns about its safety. Captopril is a well-known angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor with unique antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of captopril against CLZ-induced myocarditis, and since both drugs have hematotoxic effects, this study aimed to clarify the effect of their combined use on the bone marrow. The study was conducted for 4 weeks on 50 adult male albino rats divided into five groups: group I (negative control), group II (positive control), group III treated with captopril 5 mg/kg/day, group IV treated with CLZ 25 mg/kg/day, and group V treated with captopril (5 mg/kg) 1 hour before CLZ (25 mg/kg/day). CLZ group showed a significant increase in serum troponin I, marked histopathological changes, and immunohistochemical staining of DNA degradation product 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy guanosine (8-OHdG). It significantly increased malondialdehyde level and decreased glutathione peroxidase. Captopril coadministration decreased the histopathological hallmarks and biochemical marker of myocarditis and attenuated CLZ effects on the oxidative stress parameters and 8-OHdG, suggesting its protective action against CLZ-induced myocarditis. Complete blood count and bone marrow evaluation was normal indicating that captopril, in the protective dose given, didn't increase the risk of CLZ-induced hematotoxicity

Male infertility is one of the challenging problems encountered by human society worldwide. Several reports suggest a likely association between deteriorating reproductive male health and exposure to endocrine disruptors (ED). Tributyltin (TBT), a well-known ED, is an organotin compound that is highly toxic and widely used in industry, agriculture, and antifouling paints. This study aimed to assess the toxic impact of tributyltin on the testes of adult male albino rats and the possible protective role of green tea extract. Forty-two adult male albino rats were divided into five groups; Group I (control group), Group II (green tea treated group) each rat received green tea extract (150 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in 1 ml distilled water orally for 8 weeks, Group III (TBT treated group) each rat received the 1/20 of LD50 of tributyltin chloride (5 mg/kg/day) dissolved in1/2 ml corn oil orally for 8 weeks; Group IV (TBTand green tea group) each rat received green tea extract in the previous dose then tributyltin chloride in the same dose orally for 8 weeks; Group V (Follow up group) each rat received tributyltin chloride in the same dose for 8 weeks, then tributyltin chloride was stopped and rats were examined four weeks after its discontinuation. At the end of the study, animals were subjected to biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and seminal examination. The results revealed a statistically significant decrease in testosterone, FSH, LH, and serum glutathione peroxidase levels and a significant increase in serum Malondialdehyde in the TBT group when compared with the control group. Rats treated with tributyltin showed severe histopathological changes and decreased cell proliferation in the testes. Seminal analysis of the TBT group showed a significant affection of all parameters when compared to other groups. The follow-up group still showed the persistence of all changes. Green tea was found to ameliorate all of these hazardous effects nearly to the control values. In Conclusion, TBT induces oxidative stress and hormonal disturbance, leading to testicular degeneration. Green tea extract has a beneficial role in ameliorating TBT induced reproductive toxicity.