This study was designed to explore and record various medicinal plants integrated into the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of cancer. The traditional system of medicine is a routine practiced among the indigenous ethnic groups of Sokoto state. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed and used for data collection around the selected Local Government Areas. A substantial number of plant species were identified, recorded, and collected for preservation. Data collected for each specie was analysed to assess its frequent use among the medicinal plants. A total of 67 species belonging to 31 families have been identified and recorded. Out of the 473 frequency of citation (FC), Acacia nilotica was the most frequently cited specie (32 FC, 64% FC, 0.6 RFC), followed by Guiera senegalensis (27 FC, 54% FC, 0.5 RFC), Erythrina sigmoidea (17 FC, 34% FC, 0.3 RFC), and subsequently Combretum camporum (15 FC, 30% FC, 0.3 RFC). The most common parts of the plants used include the barks (55.2%), the roots (53.2%), and the leaves (41.8%). Additionally, decoction (74.6%), powdered form (49.3%), and maceration (46.3%) are the most frequently used mode of preparation. The historical knowledge of a traditional system of medicine practiced by the native traditional healers of Sokoto for the treatment of cancer has been documented. The present study further provides a baseline for future pharmacological investigations into the beneficial effects of such medicinal plants for the treatment of cancer.
Isoberlinia doka is dominant species in the savannah of West Africa belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is used in traditional medicine for treatment of muscular -skeletal system disorders, Jaundice scorpion bites, Convulsion, diabetes, ulcer, wounds and cough. The objectives of the study are to determine the pharmacognostic and antioxidant activity of Isoberlinia doka leaves. Three extracts of Isoberlinia doka leaves were obtained by sequential maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol The extracts were screened qualitatively for the presence of saponins, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and alkaloids using standard procedures. Thin layer chromatography was carried out to determine the separation profile of various extracts. Antioxidant activity of the methanol leaves extract of Isoberlinia doka was determined using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) Assay. The phytochemical screening of the methanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides and saponins. The methanol leaves extract of Isoberlinia doka demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity and reducing power ability with concentration dependent responses. The results of this study suggest that the plant can serve as a good source of antioxidant which can aid in the management of diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Cadaba farinosa is used in traditional medicine for treatment of cancer, diabetes, and rheumatism. The research was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of the extracts. The powdered stem bark was extracted successively with the aid of Soxhlet extractor using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The resulting extracts were concentrated on rotary evaporator and the percentage yields were calculated. The phytochemical and TLC profiles of the extracts were studied. The antioxidant activity of the extracts and ascorbic acid (standard) were determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. The total phenolic content of the extracts and tannic acid (standard) were evaluated using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The percentage yields of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were found to be 1.19, 1.37, and 13.93%, respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The TLC profiles of the extracts revealed the presence of compounds as evidenced from their R f values. The total phenolic content of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were found to be 135 and 112 mg, respectively. The free radical scavenging activity demonstrated by the extracts was comparable to ascorbic acid. The ethyl acetate extract had higher phenolic content and demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging with IC50 31.07 mg/mL. The results of research have provided strong preliminary evidence of antioxidant activity which may be because of phenolic compounds in the extracts.
Background: Celosia laxa (Amaranthaceae) is mainly a west African plant species used in Traditional Medicine as an anthelmintic, anticancer, antibacterial and analgesic agent. The seeming prevalence of worm infection in Gwandu community of Gwandu Local Government Area of Kebbi State-Nigeria prompted this study. Methods: Whole plant of C. laxa extracts obtained through maceration in aqueous (AE), methanol (ME) and hexane (HE) solvents were investigated for their anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuman) at four different (gradient) concentrations of 10, 20, 40 and 80(mg/ml) for each extract. The study involved the determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. Results: Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at the highest concentration of 80 mg/ml as compared to the standard drug, praziquantel (10 mg/ml). Consequently, the aqueous extract showed a higher activity at 80 mg/ml compared to standard praziquantel at 10 mg/ml (with no significant value of p < 0.05). The time of paralysis and death observed for AE was 13.0 ± 1.8 and 16.8 ± 1.5 while the ME was less bioactive with 15.7 ± 0.5 and 23.0 ± 0.0 respectively. However, on the other hand, the hexane extract recorded no-activity on all the test sample concentrations, compared to the standard drug (with a significant difference of p-value, p > 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the leaves of C. laxa are likely to yield a potent anthelminthic drug owing to soluble phytoconstituent which are largely hydrophilicity extracted by the polar solvents. Also, considering that the plants' mode of preparation for use by the locals was aqueous decoction before administration, the folkloric therapeutic claims can be said to have been justified.
Acacia nilotica (Linn) is an important medicinal plant, found in Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent as well as in Sokoto State, Nigeria. It has been utilized to treat wounds and intestinal disorders among other uses. It has been estimated that nearly 6 million people suffer from chronic wounds worldwide. Even though several conventional drugs are known to increase healing in different kinds of injuries, most are complicated, expensive, and limited in activity. Hence, in this study the stem back crude methanolic extract of A. nilotica was evaluated for wound healing activity using the wound excision model. The plant's stem bark was extracted by maceration using distilled water and methanol to obtain a crude methanol extract (CME). The CME was screened phytochemically and prepared into ointment before subjecting to wound healing assay using the excision wound model in Wister albino rats. The results showed the presence of rich phenolic phytoconstituents, especially of tannins and saponins which were attributed to aid wound healing based on literature. Consequently, the wound healing activity of 10% CME was comparable significantly (P<0.05), to that of povidone-iodine (5% w/w), while that of 2.5 and 5% were less. The study demonstrated that topical application of CME hastens wound healing and thus provided proof of its folklore use for wound healing.
Background An ethnomedical survey was undertaken in the Gwadabawa/Illela village communities of Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria to identify and record information on medicinal plants used for treating wounds and fungal related ailment. Methods Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMP’s) and other inhabitants both young and adults were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires complimented by a voice recording device and an open-ended conversation. Field trips were made to the sites where TMP’s or other informants harvest plants. Results The survey identified and recorded 40 plants species from 38 genera and 18 families, used for treating wounds and wound related ailments in Gwadabawa/Illela village communities. Among the 40 species, dicots were represented by 38 species belonging to 38 genera and 16 families, while monocots were two species belonging to two genera and two families. Combretaceae and Fabaceae were the dominant families and contributed to wound healing with 7 species each. Life forms, in term of plants habit/habitat showed a record of trees (20 species), shrubs (12 species) and herb (8 species). Only one climber specie was recorded. Plant part use against their therapeutic indications showed that stembark was the most used plant part in 15 preparations with 37.5% to treat wounds, closely followed by the leaves in 12 preparations with 30.0%, the root and whole plant were reportedly use in five and four preparations with 12.5%, and 10% respectively. Fruit and flower were the least used parts in two and one preparation constituting 5.0% and 2.5% respectively. The informants prepared and prescribed the medicine mainly in the form of powder (70.0%), followed by some form of extraction (12.5%), and sap-juice or latex (10.0%), while the lowest preparation form was recorded for paste and oil (0.5% each). The major method of medicinal administration/ route of application was by spraying topically (65.0%), while other description included the use of oil to apply topically (27.5%) as well as washing and drunk (12.5%). Concoction mixtures recorded some 30–40% mode of preparation as against the use of a single plant, which constitute about 60%. Ethnobotanical indices showed Acacia nilotica as having the highest with a use value of UV: 0.27, (with 8 use reports) and a citation frequency/relative importance index of CF: 11.8, RI: 0.56, while the lowest recoded indices of 0.03 UV and 1.5 CF and 0.07 RI was recorded for some of the other plants in comparison. Conclusions There is still a deep reliance on the use of the surveyed plant medicines for wound healing by the people, due to the high level of successes recorded by the informants following traditional practices/applications. Hence, a wholistic or selective scientific study is imminent from the established data base of this research.
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