Background:The aqueous decoction of the stem back of Mangifera indica L. has been traditionally used for the treatment of various illnesses among them includes anaemia. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-anaemic properties of standardized stem bark extract of M. indica in animals with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia. Methods and Material: An in vivo animal model was used in this experiment. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was used to induce haemolysis and treatment was done with three different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/ kg b.wt) of the plant extract. Astifer® was used as a positive control. Haematological parameters such as PCV, HGb concentration, and TLC were performed and to ascertain the level of haemolysis. GC-MS was used determine the present of phytoconstituents within the crude extract. Results: PCV and HGb concentration increased significantly (p<0.001) at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt respectively while no significant (p>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.wt. TLC was decreased significantly (p<0.001) at a dose 100 mg/kg b.wt while no significant (p>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg b.wt respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed presence of 15 compounds viz: 2,2-Dimethoxybutane, N-Acetyl-Alpha-D-glucosamine, 1,2-Benzenediol, Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Vitamin E, Pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyl-, methyl ester, 2-Ethylacridine, Benzofuran-6-ol-3-one, 2-(4ethoxycarbonyl)benzylidene-, 9-Octadecanoic acid, (E)-, 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one, 3,5-bis-trimethylsilyl-, and Benzo[h]quinoline,2,4-dimethyl-. Conclusion: The results of our present finding suggest the significant anti-anaemic properties of standardized stem bark extract of Mangefera indica L. This finding highlights the potentials of the extract and M. indica in the treatment of haemolytic anaemia.
Isoberlinia doka is dominant species in the savannah of West Africa belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is used in traditional medicine for treatment of muscular -skeletal system disorders, Jaundice scorpion bites, Convulsion, diabetes, ulcer, wounds and cough. The objectives of the study are to determine the pharmacognostic and antioxidant activity of Isoberlinia doka leaves. Three extracts of Isoberlinia doka leaves were obtained by sequential maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol The extracts were screened qualitatively for the presence of saponins, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and alkaloids using standard procedures. Thin layer chromatography was carried out to determine the separation profile of various extracts. Antioxidant activity of the methanol leaves extract of Isoberlinia doka was determined using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) Assay. The phytochemical screening of the methanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides and saponins. The methanol leaves extract of Isoberlinia doka demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity and reducing power ability with concentration dependent responses. The results of this study suggest that the plant can serve as a good source of antioxidant which can aid in the management of diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Aim: The potency of trona against fungi associated with dermatophytes isolated from children in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto (UDUS) local farming community was investigated. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Department of Pharmacognosy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria, between January 2017 and September 2017. Methodology: The samples were collected from errand children within UDUS, and the organisms were isolated and identified microscopically using standard methods. Elemental analysis of the two types of trona (red and white) was also determined using standard Analytical methods. The sensitivity test was carried out using agar well diffusion method. Results: In the two types of trona (red and white) Sodium was found to have the highest concentration of 9500 mg/kg and 8300 mg/kg, and the lowest was 0.15 and 0.10 mg/kg. Potassium was reported to have a concentration of 4400 mg/kg and 1800 mg/kg for the white and red trona respectively. Some of the organisms identified were Microsporum Canis, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes etc. Highest mean zone of inhibition of 20.7 and 23.3 mm was recorded for the red and white trona respectively. The least zone of inhibition recorded was 2.7 and 4.7 mm for the red and white trona respectively. Increased activity was recorded when the concentration of the trona was increased. Conclusion: The results revealed promising potentials of trona in the treatment of fungi associated with dermatophytoses. However, further studies should be done to determine the mechanism of action of trona on these organisms.
Ficus capensis (farin baure) has wide application in traditional medicine especially in the Northan part of Nigeria in the treatment and management of diarrhoea and digestive distress. This is attributed to the presence of many biologically active compounds in their different parts. In this study, stem bark of F. capensis was extracted with four (4) solvents of different polarities ranging from non-polar, moderately polar to polar. Qualitative phytochemical screening of these extracts was conducted using standard laboratory procedures. The results revealed that only alkaloids, glycosides and carbohydrates were detected from the n-hexane (non-polar) extract of F. capensis while the chloroform and ethyl acetate (moderately polar solvents) and methanol (polar solvent) extracts showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids and proteins. But anthraquinones were not detected in all the extracts. Antimicrobial properties of the extracts were evaluated using clinical isolates of four different bacteria and fungi each. Different concentration of extracts was prepared and activity was measured using zone of inhibition in millimetres (mm). Methanol extracts showed activities against E. coli with the zone of inhibition 10 mm, 11 mm, 12 mm and 14 mm; B. subtilis with the zone of inhibition 10 mm, 11 mm, 13 mm and 15 mm all for 10, 20, 25 and 30% concentration of extracts respectively. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts showed antimicrobial activities against S. aureus (12 mm, 14 mm), E. coli (12 mm, 14 mm), P. aeruginosa (14 mm, 12 mm) and B. subtilis (12 mm, 16 mm) respectively for 20% concentration of the extracts. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed considerable antifungal activities against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fungatus. But the n-hexane extract did not show any reasonable antibacterial and no antifungal activities.
Phytochemical screening remains the most effective method for identifying and screening medically active components of plant. This research work studied the phytochemical screening, toxicity profile and antibacterial activity of the stem bark of Andira inermis using four different extracts by varying the polarity of the solvents; n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetateand methanol. The screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and carbohydrates in all extracts, tannins and saponins were not detected in chloroform and n-hexane extract, glycoside was also not detected in the chloroform extract. The toxicity profile in vivo studies using the Lorke’s method revealed no significance changes in the body weight of the albino rats, and the LD50 was higher than 5000mg/kg. However, there was a significant changes in behavior of the albino rats such as, fatigue, diarrhea, restlessness etc at 1600 mg/kg, 2900mg/kg and 5000mg/kg doses of the extracts respectively. Antimicrobial studies was evaluated with four (4) each of different bacteria and fungi. The results revealed ethylacetate and chloroform (moderately polar solvents) extracts to be more active against both bacteria and fungi but the methanol (highly polar) and hexane (highly non polar) extracts possessed less activities as compared with the other extracts at 15, 20, 30 and 40% concentrations.
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