BackgroundSubstance abuse is a chronic phenomenon that affects many physical, psychological, social, familial and economic elements. Abusers are left with severely reduced interaction both with other individuals and society.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the spiritual health of addicts and people with a normal quality of life in the city of Birjand, Iran.Patients and MethodsThe sample consisted of 100 non-addicted subjects and 100 patients who were drug addicts in treatment centers and rehabilitation facilities both public and private in Birjand. Normal sampling measures were used to find subjects of the same age and gender. The subjects completed a spiritual health questionnaire and the short form of the world health organization’s (WHO) Quality of life questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using multivariate ANOVA.ResultsThe results of ANOVA showed significant differences between addicted and non addicted individual on spiritual well-being subscales.ConclusionsThe strengthening of spiritual and religious attitudes among drug users encourages them to engage in and justify actions that are relevant to their health. When this happens, their quality of life increases significantly.

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between religiosity with parental anxiety and number of children. The population included the women of Alborz province and Tehran province (the first group included the parents with one child and the second included parents with two children and more) that among them 384 people were selected as the sample by probability (random) sampling method. The research tools were religiosity questionnaire of Khodayarifard et al. (2008) and Spielberger (1970) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Data were analyzed using inferential statistics of Pearson correlation. The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the number of children and maternal anxiety (R=-0.16); therefore, the results indicate the need for further attention of authorities of public health and educators to the field of religiosity and the number of children. The results also showed the role of religiosity in reducing Iranian families' anxiety.

Background: Self-efficacy is one of the major topics in psychology; reflecting the beliefs of a person in his/her abilities. Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between religious belief, life expectancy and self-efficacy of students in the city of Shiraz. Patients and Methods:The statistical population of the present study followed a correlation type and consisted of all students in Shiraz in academic year 2013-2014, of whom 243 individuals were selected using Morgan table through stratified sampling method and Temple and Sherer's Life expectancy and self-efficacy questionnaires. The regression and independent t-test were used to determine and analyze the variables. Results:The results showed that students' religious beliefs and life expectancy predict their self-efficacy (P < 0.01). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that people with religious beliefs enjoy higher self-expectancy and self-efficacy.

Objectives Aging is a critical period of human life, and attention to the problems and needs of this stage is a social necessity. The present study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of training the review of life on life satisfaction and sense of coherence among middle-aged women and elderly nursing home residents in Qazvin. Methods & Materials This is a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test and control group. The study population consisted of 50-80-year-old women living in Nursing Home in the city of Qazvin. The statistical sample included 30 subjects selected through random sampling method and assigned to excremental and control groups (15 subjects per each group). For data collection, Diener's (1985) Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Flensburg's (2006) Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) was used. Initially, a sample of people chosen for the research answered these questionnaires. After that, the program of life review was administered on the experimental group for six sessions, and finally, the post-test was administered to both the experimental and control groups. To analyze data, analysis of covariance was used in the environment of SPSS software. Results The mean age of the control group was 2.88±65 years, and the mean age of the experimental group was 3.56±67 years. The mean level of life satisfaction of the control group before education was 17.86, but after training, 17.60 and the mean level of life satisfaction of the experimental group before training was 90.17 and after education 24.86. Also, the mean of control group's sense of cohesion before and after education was 69.87 and 69.93, respectively, while the mean of the experimental group before education was 46.63, but after the education was 84.48. The results of covariance analysis showed that the process of lifestyle treatment sessions increased life satisfaction and cohesion among the elderly in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion Results indicate that the life review therapy was effective on the level of life satisfaction and sense of coherence among the aged people. Hence, Review of Life therapy could be considered as an alternative or complementary approach to existing therapies for enhancing life among elderly adults.

Objective: The present study was carried out to compare creativity and self-esteem in the university students with employed and household mothers in academic years 2014-2015. Method: This research is a descriptive one which is of comparative-casual type. The statistical population includes all undergraduate students of Azad universities of Roudhen, Shahr-e Ray Central Tehran and national universities of Al-Zahra, Shahid Beheshti and Vali-e Asr that among them 240 students (120 males and 120 females) were selected by random and available sampling method. To collect the data, Arjmand’s (2003) questionnaire of creativity and Copper-Smith’s (1967) self-esteem questionnaire were used. To test the hypotheses, independent t-test was used. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference between self-esteem in students with employed and household mothers. Also, a significant difference was not observed between the rate of creativity in students with employed and household mothers. Conclusion: The results of the present research can be used to provide proper strategies for mothers, instructors, and those who are relevant with educational affairs to enhance the quality of education, to nurture and flourish creativity and self-esteem in individuals.

Background and Objectives: The widespread prevalence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused stress, anxiety, and worry in different groups, including students. Thus, this study aimed to determine the role of spiritual intelligence and distress tolerance in predicting COVID-19 anxiety in students. Methods: This was a correlation and regression modeling (prediction) study. The statistical population of the study included all male students of Farhangian University of Shahid Bahonar Campus in Birjand City, Iran, in the academic year of 2020-2021. Accordingly, 260 individuals were selected by the convenience sampling method; they volunteered to participate in the study and virtually completed the King (2008) Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire, Simon and Gaher (2005) Anxiety Tolerance Questionnaire, and Alipour et al.’s (2020) Corona Disease Anxiety Scale. Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis were employed in SPSS to analyze the collected data. Results: The present study results indicated an inverse and significant correlation between distress tolerance (r= -0.666), spiritual intelligence (r= -0.618), and COVID-19 anxiety (P<0.01). Additionally, the achieved results revealed that spiritual intelligence (33.6%) and anxiety tolerance (38.8%) predicted the variance of coronary anxiety. Conclusion: According to the collected results, by increasing the tolerance of anxiety and spiritual intelligence and their dimensions, students’ COVID-19-induced anxiety can be reduced. Therefore, in programs based on reducing COVID-19 anxiety, more attention to distress tolerance, spiritual intelligence, and its promotion in students seems necessary

Background and Objectives: Despite the advancement of health science and its expansion, the number of elderlies is increasing annually throughout the world, highlighting the necessity of paying attention to the issue of increasing the psychological well-being of senior citizens. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the role of emotion regulation and spirituality in predicting the psychological well-being of the elderlies.Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was performed on the elderlies living in the nursing homes in Qazvin, Iran, in the summer of 2020. The samples (n=92) were selected using the Krejcie and Morgan Table and availability sampling method. The questionnaires that were used as the tools of this research included the Emotion Regulation Scale, Spiritual Attitude Scale, and shortform of Psychological Well-being Scale. The collected data were analyzed in the SPSS software (version 24) using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression test. In this study, the significance level was considered 0.05. Results:The results showed psychological well-being had a direct and significant relationship with emotion regulation (r=0.572) and its components, namely reappraisal (r=0.506) and suppression (r=0.417; P<0.01). Moreover, psychological well-being showed a direct and significant relationship with spirituality (r=0.425) and its components, including spiritual attitude (r=0.317) and spiritual ability (r=0.341; P<0.01). Based on the findings of the standardized regression coefficient (Beta), the components of emotion regulation, including reappraisal (β=0.434; P<0.01) and suppression (β=0.255; P<0.01), and those of spirituality, namely spiritual attitude (Β=0.198; P<0.05) and spiritual ability (β=0.215; P<0.05), could positively predict the psychological well-being of the senior citizens. Conclusion:According to the results of this study, the improvement of the characteristics of emotion regulation and provision of the grounds for the spirituality of the elderlies can boost the psychological well-being of the elderlies.

No abstract