BackgroundSubstance abuse is a chronic phenomenon that affects many physical, psychological, social, familial and economic elements. Abusers are left with severely reduced interaction both with other individuals and society.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the spiritual health of addicts and people with a normal quality of life in the city of Birjand, Iran.Patients and MethodsThe sample consisted of 100 non-addicted subjects and 100 patients who were drug addicts in treatment centers and rehabilitation facilities both public and private in Birjand. Normal sampling measures were used to find subjects of the same age and gender. The subjects completed a spiritual health questionnaire and the short form of the world health organization’s (WHO) Quality of life questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using multivariate ANOVA.ResultsThe results of ANOVA showed significant differences between addicted and non addicted individual on spiritual well-being subscales.ConclusionsThe strengthening of spiritual and religious attitudes among drug users encourages them to engage in and justify actions that are relevant to their health. When this happens, their quality of life increases significantly.
Considering the high prevalence of abdominal pain in children and adolescents in Iran, it is essential to use appropriate screening tools. One of the most comprehensive, yet concise, tools for this purpose is the Abdominal Pain Index (API). This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the self-report API in adolescents. In this descriptive study, A total of 162 Iranian adolescents in the age range of 12 to 18 years were considered as the sample group, which included two groups of school students (n = 125) and adolescent patients with abdominal pain (n = 37). Clinical sample was selected by the available sampling method, and nonclinical sample was selected by the cluster sampling method. Adolescents in the sample group were selected from both clinical and nonclinical groups in order to evaluate differential validity. Instruments, including API, somatic symptoms subscale of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), were also completed for the participants. Also, to evaluate the construct validity of API, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods were applied. The exploratory factor analysis identified one general factor, and the confirmatory factor analysis results show the model’s satisfactory fitting. Also, the researchers’ hypothesis, i.e., API is a single-factor model (with five items), was approved. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was satisfactory for the total scale (α < 0.7). This study showed that API could be used with considerable confidence for Iranian children and adolescents with chronic pain.
Introduction: Death anxiety of the elderly may be influenced by individual differences and many psychological factors. The purpose of this study was to predict death anxiety of elderly living in elderly care centers based on cognitive distortions, loneliness, and stress coping strategies. Method: The research design is an analytical descriptive. The statistical population of this study was all elderly living in elderly care centers of Tehran. 120 persons were selected, as a sample by available sampling method from two centers of Sabzomid and Parnian. Research tools include Templer death anxiety scale (1970), beck and wiseman's cognitive distortion questionnaire (1987), Russell, Papelo and Katrona's loneliness questionnaire (1980) and Andler & Parker's (1990) coping strategies questionnaire. After checking and confirming the assumptions, Research data were analyzed by multiple linear regression method in SPSS, v 23. Results: The results of demographic variable showed that most of the sample group were men and ages 70 to 75 years old. Data analysis results show that cognitive distortion has a significant positive correlation with death anxiety (p <0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between loneliness and death anxiety (p <0.05). Additionally, negative relationship between problem-oriented coping strategy and death anxiety in elderly was confirmed (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on research results, choosing appropriate coping strategies against stress, reducing loneliness and cognitive distortion can be associated with decreasing the death anxiety in the elderly living in the elderly homes.
The Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) is a tool for measuring anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents. In this study, the psychometric properties of the Persian version of SCAS were investigated in an Iranian adolescents. This study was conducted on a sample of 684 adolescents. For standardization of SCAS, first- and second-order confirmatory factor analyses wereperformed. Also, to evaluate convergent and divergent validity, Fornell and Larcker criteria (1994), along with the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS)and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), was used. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was also performedto determine the cut-off point. The model fit of the correlated six-factor model was good however, a second-order model provided a statistically superior fit to the data. The reliability coefficients for the total scale and its dimensions were satisfactory (α > 0.7). Therefore, it can be concluded that the Persian version of SCAS has acceptable reliability and validity and can be used as a useful tool for early screening of anxiety in Iranian adolescents due to its easy use and specific design for children and adolescents.
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