This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between religiosity with parental anxiety and number of children. The population included the women of Alborz province and Tehran province (the first group included the parents with one child and the second included parents with two children and more) that among them 384 people were selected as the sample by probability (random) sampling method. The research tools were religiosity questionnaire of Khodayarifard et al. (2008) and Spielberger (1970) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Data were analyzed using inferential statistics of Pearson correlation. The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the number of children and maternal anxiety (R=-0.16); therefore, the results indicate the need for further attention of authorities of public health and educators to the field of religiosity and the number of children. The results also showed the role of religiosity in reducing Iranian families' anxiety.

Background and Objectives: Infertility is a stressful experience in life that causes many psychological problems for the individual and his family. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of infertility stress and defeat in predicting the quality of infertile women's marital relationship. Methods The present study was a descriptive correlational study. A sample of 120 infertile women using the available sampling method was selected from women who referred to the Infertility Center in Birjand in 2020. Research tools included Newton et al.'s infertility stress scale, Gilbert and Allen's sense of failure, and the quality of the right marriage relationship with colleagues. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions were used simultaneously using SPSS software version 22 at a significance level of 0.05. ResultsThe results showed that there was a direct relationship between infertility stress (r=0.722) and feelings of failure (r=0.651) and the quality of marital relationship (P<0.01). Also, the value of standardized regression coefficient (Beta) for infertility stress components including social dimension (P=0.014, β=0.135), sexual dimension (P= 0.035, β= 0.88), communication (P=0.166, β=0.260), lifestyle non-acceptance (P<0.001, β=0.235), need for parenting (P<0.001, β=0.219) and failure feeling component Included feelings of stagnation (P<0.001, β = 0.240), feeling of loss (P<0.001, β=0.225) and feelings of satisfaction (P<0.001, β = 0.261). Conclusion Based on the results of the study, it can be said that with increasing infertility stress and feelings of failure, the quality of the marital relationship of infertile women decreases. Thus, infertility stress and feelings of failure play a crucial role in the quality of infertile women's marital relationship.

Background and Objectives: Divorce is a stressful life event both for parents and children. Nowadays, an increase in the divorce rate is one of the major problems and concerns in many countries of the world, especially in Iran. Divorce can be a deterrent factor in the personal growth and development of the children from broken families. This study aimed to develop a groupcounseling model based on spirituality to boost psychological well-being in girls from divorced families. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on a total of 20 girls from divorced families using pretest-posttest control group design. The study population were selected through convenience sampling technique. The subjects were divided into two groups of experimental (n=10) and control groups (n=10). Those in the experimental group were taught spiritual issue in 8 sessions (2 h per session) in a form of group counseling model. The well-being of the participants was assessed by the 48-item Ryff's Psychological Well-being Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed by ANCOVA. Results: The results showed that spiritual group counseling could significantly increase the psychological wellbeing of girls from divorced families (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that spiritual therapy can be used to increase the psychological well-being of girls from divorced families.

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of empathy training on social adjustment and belonging to the school in elementary school students. The present study was conducted as a semi-experimental two-group pretest-posttest design.The statistical population was all sixth grade elementary school students in Tabas city in the academic year of 2016-2017. The study sample was 30 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. The tools used to collecting data were: Belonging to school inventory and Bell's adjustment inventory For data analysis, Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, andUnivariate and Multivariate analysis of covariance were used (p < 0.01). The findings indicated that the mean of the experimental group in the components of social adjustment and belonging to the school increased compared to the control group (p <0.05).Therefore, it can be concluded that empathy training has been effective in increasing social adjustment and students' belonging to the school.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of yoga on spiritual intelligence in air traffic controllers in Tehran flight control center. This was a quasi-experimental research and the study population includes all air traffic controllers in Tehran flight control center. The sample consisted of 40 people of the study population that were selected through convenience sampling method and were randomly divided into experimental group (20) and control group (n=20). This research was conducted through training yoga on the air traffic controllers to experimental group compared with the control group. The data were evaluated as the changes resulted after the intervention (post-test) compared to the previous condition (pre-test). King's (2008) Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI) was used to measure the variables. The data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. The results showed that yoga exercises had a significant effect on spiritual intelligence and its components (critical thinking, personal meaning production, expanded state of consciousness, transcendental consciousness) in the subjects.

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Objectives Aging is a critical period of human life, and attention to the problems and needs of this stage is a social necessity. The present study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of training the review of life on life satisfaction and sense of coherence among middle-aged women and elderly nursing home residents in Qazvin. Methods & Materials This is a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test and control group. The study population consisted of 50-80-year-old women living in Nursing Home in the city of Qazvin. The statistical sample included 30 subjects selected through random sampling method and assigned to excremental and control groups (15 subjects per each group). For data collection, Diener's (1985) Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and Flensburg's (2006) Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) was used. Initially, a sample of people chosen for the research answered these questionnaires. After that, the program of life review was administered on the experimental group for six sessions, and finally, the post-test was administered to both the experimental and control groups. To analyze data, analysis of covariance was used in the environment of SPSS software. Results The mean age of the control group was 2.88±65 years, and the mean age of the experimental group was 3.56±67 years. The mean level of life satisfaction of the control group before education was 17.86, but after training, 17.60 and the mean level of life satisfaction of the experimental group before training was 90.17 and after education 24.86. Also, the mean of control group's sense of cohesion before and after education was 69.87 and 69.93, respectively, while the mean of the experimental group before education was 46.63, but after the education was 84.48. The results of covariance analysis showed that the process of lifestyle treatment sessions increased life satisfaction and cohesion among the elderly in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion Results indicate that the life review therapy was effective on the level of life satisfaction and sense of coherence among the aged people. Hence, Review of Life therapy could be considered as an alternative or complementary approach to existing therapies for enhancing life among elderly adults.

Objective: The present study was carried out to compare creativity and self-esteem in the university students with employed and household mothers in academic years 2014-2015. Method: This research is a descriptive one which is of comparative-casual type. The statistical population includes all undergraduate students of Azad universities of Roudhen, Shahr-e Ray Central Tehran and national universities of Al-Zahra, Shahid Beheshti and Vali-e Asr that among them 240 students (120 males and 120 females) were selected by random and available sampling method. To collect the data, Arjmand’s (2003) questionnaire of creativity and Copper-Smith’s (1967) self-esteem questionnaire were used. To test the hypotheses, independent t-test was used. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference between self-esteem in students with employed and household mothers. Also, a significant difference was not observed between the rate of creativity in students with employed and household mothers. Conclusion: The results of the present research can be used to provide proper strategies for mothers, instructors, and those who are relevant with educational affairs to enhance the quality of education, to nurture and flourish creativity and self-esteem in individuals.