Objective: To analyze the most used applications on smartphone among school going children (5-16 years). Study Design and Setting: Descriptive cross sectional study comprised of five months (April 2017 to July 2017); concerned community survey i.e. door to door data collection method was carried out in Lahore, Pakistan. Material and Methods: Multistage cluster sampling technique was used. 6200 school going children were selected, 4030 (65%) respond to the study and remaining 2170 (35%) do not respond to the study (excluded from the research). Among 4030 school going children, 2889 (71.7%) were smartphone users (included in the analysis) and 1141 (28.3%) do not use smartphone (excluded in the analysis). Among 2889 school going smartphone users, 1993 (69%) were short term smartphone users and 896 (31%) were long term smartphone users. Descriptive statistics and Bivariate logistic regression was applied on the gathered data. Results: Significant associations were found. The use of smartphone for messaging have p-value = 0.19, for Facebook p-value = 0.11, for WhatsApp p-value = 0.043, for playing games p-value < 0.001, for listening music p-value = 0.049, for watching videos and movies p-value = 0.030, for alarm purpose p-value = 0.001 and for camera purpose p-value = 0.015. Conclusion: The research findings showed that most used applications on smartphone among school going children (5-16 years) were WhatsApp and used smartphone for playing games, listening music, watching videos and movies, alarm and camera purpose with respect to which the study was concise.

BackgroundNeonatal sepsis includes numerous systemic illnesses such as septicemia, meningitis, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia. In developing countries, the major reason for neonatal mortality is septicemia, which accounts for almost 50% of overall deaths. Thrombocytopenia is one of the most common hematological problems during the neonatal period, affecting the majority of sufferers admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The aim of our study was to find the frequency of thrombocytopenia and its severity in neonates with sepsis.

In both high- and low-income nations, preterm pre-labou membrane rupture is a significant contributor to perinatal, neonatal, and maternal illness and mortality. Premature membrane rupture puts a woman at risk for postpartum haemorrhage, intraamniotic infection, and even death. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of preterm premature rupture of membranes and its related factors among pregnant women admitted to health institutions because little is known about the issue in the study region. A total of 300 participants participated in this research among which 100 had preterm PROM, 100 had PROM, and 100 had preterm deliveries. The ages of the participants ranged from 18-40 years with a mean age of 25.12 ± 4.43 years. Among 300 participants, 9.33, 17.33, 21, 24.33, and 28% were 18-20, 21-25, 26-30, 31-35, and 40 years of age, respectively. Among the total, 19 (6.33%), 271 (90.33%) and 10 (3.33%) were divorced, married and widowed, respectively. Among a total, 44, 40.33, and 15.66% of the participants were multigravida, primigravida, and grand-multigravida, respectively. The majority (87%) of mothers had ANC follow-up in their current pregnancy. In the large population, 255 (85%) had labor pain while 171 (578%) of mothers showed vaginal bleeding in the current pregnancy and 167 (55.67%) of mothers had cephalic presentation. 88.33% of pregnant women had no history of PROM. 97 (32.33%) of mothers had urinary tract infection in pregnancy, 32 (10.66%) had anaemia, and 41 (13.67%) had an abnormal vaginal discharge. The pregnant mothers had not used any cocaine, and cigarettes. Different risk factors associated with PPROM such as current urinary tract infection, gravidity, history of previous PPROM, preeclampsia, economic status, and anaemia were recorded. The major risk factors are use of smoking, chat, and cocaine. To lower the incidence of preterm premature rupture of membranes, early detection and treatment of urinary tract infections and atypical vaginal discharges were advised. Keywords: Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes; fetal outcome; Female urogenital disorders; maternal age; Pakistan

Background: The burns resulting from heating mechanisms or hot sources are inevitable as such a scheme is an integral part of human’s life. It though benefits on one hand but unfortunately it harms as well especially if due care is not rendered in this regard. Aim: To assess the seasonal effects on presentation of victims of burns. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on the medicolegal cases of burns filtered at medicolegal clinic of Mayo Hospital Lahore, Accident and Emergency Department from December 2017 to August 2018. A total of 250 cases were studied presenting in the above setting. Result: The study revealed the seasonality as a quiet common and impressive factor in reporting of victims of burns in the medicolegal clinic of Mayo Hospital/King Edward Medical University Lahore. The winter months of December, January and February were the most common reporting months of study showing maximum peaks. Keywords: Burns, Season, Variation, Factors

Salmonella is one of the most common causes of foodborne diseases among humans worldwide. Animal-derived foods are frequently tested for the presence of Salmonella spp. However, the detection of Salmonella in meat and its products is often hindered due to the presence of background normal flora, which may lead to the detection of false-positive Salmonella. The present study aimed to isolate and accurately identify Salmonella spp. from poultry meat. For this purpose, seventy poultry meat samples were collected from Lahore, Pakistan, isolated on selective and differential media, and identified using biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction for the 16S rRNA gene of identified strains. The results of selective and differential media culturing and biochemical tests were compared with the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. It was inferred that the phenylalanine deaminase test and triple sugar iron tests eliminate the false-positive Salmonella isolates obtained on isolation media, and along with the PCR technique, can serve as an accurate and efficient method for the correct detection of Salmonella spp. from meat samples. In order to reduce the false-positive Salmonella isolates, a highly specific selective media must be designed which can distinguish Salmonella forming different colors of colonies from other bacteria and also cause the inhibition of non-Salmonellaisolates.

Objective: To compare the changes in Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) thickness and Intraocular Pressure (IOP) after phacoemulsification in patients with glaucoma versus without glaucoma. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study, done at Lahore General Hospital, from January 2021 to December 2021. Patients with senile cataract were divided into two groups. One group included 40 patients, with ≥40 years of age and diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma compared with a second group of 40 age-matched controls without glaucoma, undergoing phacoemulsification and Intraocular Lens Implantation (IOL). Goldman Applanation Tonometer (GAT) and Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) were used to record IOP and RNFL thickness, before surgery, at one week and one month after surgery. The results were compared with baseline readings and also between the two groups. Results: A total of 80 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 60.3±7.9 years with male to female ratio of 1:1. Mean change in RNFL thickness in glaucomatous eyes group and non-glaucomatous Eyes group from pre-operative baseline was 11.33±4.30µm and 4.08±2.59µm respectively after one month (p-value<0.001). Difference of mean change in RNFL thickness from baseline was statistically significant between both groups (p< 0.001). Difference of mean change in IOP from baseline at four weeks was statistically significant in the individual groups but between both groups was statistically insignificant (p= 0.234) Conclusion: Phacoemulsification results in increase in RNFL thickness and decrease in IOP, which are good prognostic factors in control of glaucoma. However, a mean change of IOP of 1mmHg in glaucoma patient does not affect management of glaucoma. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.1.6531 How to cite this: Shahid M, Saleem Z, Malik TG, Farqaleet M. Comparison of changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and intraocular pressure between glaucoma and non-glaucoma patients after phacoemulsification. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(1):---------.   doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.1.6531 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Primigravida women are those who conceive for the first time and are at high risk group for complications during childbirth Objective: To compare the effectiveness of phloroglucinol i/v and drotaverine hydrochloride by measurement of the 1st stage of labor in primigravidae. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was held in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital Sialkot and The Indus hospital QF-NST Campus Lahore for six-months duration from July to December 2021. Several factors were used to determine the inclusion of primigravida females, including age range of 20- 35 years, 38-42 weeks of gestational age at LMP with single pregnancy, Uterine contractions up to 3 cm if they occur at 3-4, 10 minutes before both drugs are given, ROM, no signs of fetal and maternal distress, patient in the first stage of labour. All of the cases were divided into two groups: A and B. Group 'A' received phloroglucinol 40mg (4ml) i/v at 4 cm dilation, and the dosage was repetitive at 8 cm dilation. At 4cm dilation, Group 'B' received drotaverine 40mg i/v. The essential signs including uterine contractions and fetal heart rate were monitored every half an hour. Results: 80 patients were included, with 56.3% of cases in Group-A group B has 43.7% cases being between the ages of 20-35 years. There was a significant improvement in the first stage of active labour ’mean duration in Groups A and B is 160.21±4.29 minutes and 203.77±8.21 minutes, respectively. Conclusion: The mean active length of the 1st stage of labour in the group of phloroglucinol was substantially shorter than in the drotaverine group

Summary Context: Both medical and nonmedical interventions to hasten labour and delivery are on the rise. Whether or not elective induction of labour improves outcomes or merely leads to additional complications and healthcare expenditures is a contentious topic in the scientific literature. Purpose: Choosing to induce labour artificially vs waiting for the baby to come naturally is the focus of this research. Data Sources: Internet, previous systematic reviews, and databases including MEDLINE (2022), Web of Science (2022), CINAHL (2022), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2022). Data Extraction: Structure, patient characteristics, quality standards, and outcomes like as caesarean section and maternal and neonatal morbidity were abstracted by two writers. Data Synthesis: In all, more than a hundred publications were considered, but only 36 were included (11 RCTs and 25 observational studies). In a non-significant trend, women who were treated as if they were about to give birth (OR, 1.21 [CI, 1.01 to 1.46]) had a higher chance of having a caesarean section than women who were treated as though they were still in the early stages of pregnancy (OR, 1.73 [CI, 0.67 to 4.5]). Amniotic fluid was more likely to be meconium-stained in women who were expectantly managed than to those who had chosen to be induced (OR, 2.04 [CI, 1.34 to 3.09]). Exponential likelihood ratio = 2.04 [95% confidence interval = 1.34 to 3.09]). Conclusion: RCTs imply that inducing labor at 41 weeks or later reduces the risk of caesarean birth and meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Future research should evaluate elective induction of labor where most obstetric care is offered.