In both high- and low-income nations, preterm pre-labou membrane rupture is a significant contributor to perinatal, neonatal, and maternal illness and mortality. Premature membrane rupture puts a woman at risk for postpartum haemorrhage, intraamniotic infection, and even death. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of preterm premature rupture of membranes and its related factors among pregnant women admitted to health institutions because little is known about the issue in the study region. A total of 300 participants participated in this research among which 100 had preterm PROM, 100 had PROM, and 100 had preterm deliveries. The ages of the participants ranged from 18-40 years with a mean age of 25.12 ± 4.43 years. Among 300 participants, 9.33, 17.33, 21, 24.33, and 28% were 18-20, 21-25, 26-30, 31-35, and 40 years of age, respectively. Among the total, 19 (6.33%), 271 (90.33%) and 10 (3.33%) were divorced, married and widowed, respectively. Among a total, 44, 40.33, and 15.66% of the participants were multigravida, primigravida, and grand-multigravida, respectively. The majority (87%) of mothers had ANC follow-up in their current pregnancy. In the large population, 255 (85%) had labor pain while 171 (578%) of mothers showed vaginal bleeding in the current pregnancy and 167 (55.67%) of mothers had cephalic presentation. 88.33% of pregnant women had no history of PROM. 97 (32.33%) of mothers had urinary tract infection in pregnancy, 32 (10.66%) had anaemia, and 41 (13.67%) had an abnormal vaginal discharge. The pregnant mothers had not used any cocaine, and cigarettes. Different risk factors associated with PPROM such as current urinary tract infection, gravidity, history of previous PPROM, preeclampsia, economic status, and anaemia were recorded. The major risk factors are use of smoking, chat, and cocaine. To lower the incidence of preterm premature rupture of membranes, early detection and treatment of urinary tract infections and atypical vaginal discharges were advised. Keywords: Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes; fetal outcome; Female urogenital disorders; maternal age; Pakistan
Background: A well-functioning placenta is important for fetal growth and it’s weight indicates whether it is functioning well or not. High and low placenta to birth weight ratio is found to have adverse fetal outcome. Placental to birth weight ratio can act as an indicator of low maternal hemoglobin concentrations in pregnancy. Objectives: To determine the frequency of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women and to compare the mean ratio of placenta to birth weight in women with iron deficiency anemia versus non-anemic women. Study design: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Settings: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore Study duration: This study was conducted over a period of 6 months, from October 2019 to March 2020. Materials & Methods: A total of 93 women with singleton pregnancy of cephalic presentation, having low hemoglobin were included. Patients with multiple pregnancy, Chronic Liver Disease and Chronic Renal Failure were excluded. In all women 5 milliliters (ml.) blood sample was sent to institutional laboratory for ferritin levels and iron deficiency anemia was noted. After this, placental to birth weight ratio was measured. Results: The age range of participants was from 18 to 40 years in this study, the mean of age was 30.48 ± 4.27 years. Most of the patients i.e. 52 (55.91%) were multipara. In this study, the haemoglobin (Hb) <9 gm/dl and serum Ferritin level <15ng/ml was taken as positive for iron deficiency anaemia. The frequency of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women was found to be (43.01%). Mean ratio of placenta weight to fetal weight in women with iron deficiency anemia versus non-anemic women was found to be 0.20 ± 0.02 versus 0.20 ± 0.01 (p value = 0.804). Conclusion: This study concluded that frequency of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women is quite high with no significant difference of mean placenta to fetal weight ratio in women with iron deficiency anemia as compared to non-anemic women.
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