The annual number of cancer deaths continues increasing every day; thus, it is urgent to search for and find active, selective, and efficient anticancer drugs as soon as possible. Among the available anticancer drugs, almost all of them contain heterocyclic moiety in their chemical structure. Xanthone is a heterocyclic compound with a dibenzo-γ-pyrone framework and well-known to have “privileged structures” for anticancer activities against several cancer cell lines. The wide anticancer activity of xanthones is produced by caspase activation, RNA binding, DNA cross-linking, as well as P-gp, kinase, aromatase, and topoisomerase inhibition. This anticancer activity depends on the type, number, and position of the attached functional groups in the xanthone skeleton. This review discusses the recent advances in the anticancer activity of xanthone derivatives, both from natural products isolation and synthesis methods, as the anticancer agent through in vitro, in vivo, and clinical assays.

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A study on the adsorption characteristics of Pb(II) and Cr(III) cations onto C‐4‐methoxyphenylcalix‐[4]resorcinarene (CMPCR) in batch and fixed bed column systems has been conducted. CMPCR was produced by one step synthesis from resorcinol, 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde, and HCl. The synthesis was carried out at 78 °C for 24 hours and afforded the adsorbent in 85.7% as a 3:2 mixture of C4ν:C2ν isomer. Most parameters in batch and fixed bed column systems confirm that CMPCR is a good adsorbent for Pb(II) and Cr(III), though Pb(II) adsorption was more favorable than that of Cr(III). The adsorption kinetic of Pb(II) and Cr(III) adsorptions in batch and fixed bed column systems followed a pseudo 2n order kinetics model. The rate constant of Pb(II) was higher than that of Cr(III) in the batch system, but this result was contrary to the result obtained in a fixed bed column system. Desorption studies to recover the adsorbed Pb(II) and Cr(III) were performed sequentially with distilled water and HCl, and the results showed that the adsorption was dominated by chemisorption.

Abstract-The TCA/ZHY catalyst (Si/Al = 3.25) was prepared by impregnation of the Zeolite HY (Si/Al = 2.89) with amount of an aquous solution of TCA. The physico-chemical properties were investigated by XRD, 29 Si and 27 Al MAS NMR, BET, SEM, NH 3 -TPD and FT-IR spectroscopy of pyridine adsorbed. The activity of catalytic of these catalysts has been carried out over the liquid-phase hydration of α-pinene to give α-terpineol as a major product and hydrocarbon as a minor products.Index Terms-TCA/ZHY, α-pinene, α terpineol, hydration.

Currently, crude oil still remains an irreplaceable energy source for chemical industrial processes, transportation systems, electricity, and other human activities. However, crude oil contains sulfur elements as the major impurities in the form of aliphatic and aromatic organosulfur compounds. During the combustion of fuel, these organosulfur compounds are converted to harmful SOx gases; thus, many countries strictly limit the maximum sulfur content in the fuels. To fulfill the government regulation, refineries are trying to decrease the maximum sulfur content in crude oil through several desulfurization technologies, such as hydrodesulfurization, adsorption, oxidative‐desulfurization, alkylation, and biodesulfurization. Each desulfurization technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this review article, we aimed to briefly summarize the progress in the developing science and technology of each desulfurization process of crude oil. Several fields in the desulfurization process are still facing challenges to create better designs and development for a safer future of the world.

The extraction of silica from rice husk ash (RHA) for the encapsulation of aflatoxin B 1 antibody (Ab-AFB 1 ) and its application as a matrix in immunoaffinity columns (IACs) were achieved. The RHA extraction was performed using 4 M NaOH, which yielded sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) for the synthesis of silica gel. The obtained silica was used for encapsulating Ab-AFB 1 using the sol-gel technique. One milliliter of 1 M Na 2 SiO 3 :H 2 O:H 3 PO 4 (0.43:0.11: 0.46) could generate silica gel that was suitable for encapsulating 1.36 mg of Ab-AFB 1 at pH 7. After 48 hours of aging, the silica gel modified with Ab-AFB 1 (SG-Ab-AFB 1 ) was ground, and packed as the matrix in the IAC for aflatoxins purification. The modified silica gel was characterized using FTIR and SEM. The properties of IAC with SG-Ab-AFB 1 were investigated by evaluating AF recovery, binding capacity, and reusability. The recovery of AFB 1 was 94.11 ± 4.62%. In addition to AFB 1 recovery, the column also retained AFB 2 , AFG 1 , and AFG 2 with recovery values of 98.22 ± 3.74%, 92.22 ± 7.62%, and 83.00 ± 6.31%, respectively. This column, which contained 0.5 g of SG-Ab-AFB 1 had a binding capacity of approximately 50 ng of AFs per column, and could be reused at least 5 times with a recovery of more than 80%.

The adsorption of Remazol by CEMPCRP was studied as a function of pH, contact time and concentration. All experiments were carried out using the batch method. The initial and final RBBR concentration were determinated using UV-Vis spectrometer at λ = 592.3 nm. The result showed that the optimum condition of RBBR adsorption were at pH 10, contact time 360 min, and concentration of 300 mg/L. This adsorption followed the Lagergren (first pseudo order) and Langmuir isotherm adsorption model. The adsorption capacity was obtained 6.51 x 10-5 mol/L and the mechanism is a chemisorption (ΔG = 28.92 kJ/mol) that occurs in the monolayer.

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