In the present work, monoacylglycerol derivatives, i.e., 1-monomyristin, 2-monomyristin, and 2-monopalmitin were successfully prepared from commercially available myristic acid and palmitic acid. The 1-monomyristin compound was prepared through a transesterification reaction between ethyl myristate and 1,2-O-isopropylidene glycerol, which was obtained from the protection of glycerol with acetone, then followed by deprotection using Amberlyst-15. On the other hand, 2-monoacylglycerol derivatives were prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides in the presence of Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase enzymes. The synthesized products were analyzed using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer, gas or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS or LC-MS), and proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H- and 13C-NMR) spectrometers. It was found that monomyristin showed high antibacterial and antifungal activities, while 2-monopalmitin did not show any activity at all. The 1-monomyristin compound showed higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and also higher antifungal activity against Candida albicans compared to the positive control. Meanwhile, 2-monomyristin showed high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. The effect of the acyl position and carbon chains towards antibacterial and antifungal activities was discussed.

A study on adsorption of AFB1 in corn (kernel and grained)

Porcine adulteration in meatball samples were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

Some novel N-phenylpyrazolines were synthesized and investigated for their antibacterial activitiy. Chalcones 2-4 which were prepared from acetophenone and veratraldehyde derivatives were reacted with phenylhydrazine to give N-phenylpyrazolines 5-7. All of the synthesized compounds were characterized using FTIR, GC-MS, and NMR spectrometers. Further, antibacterial activity of N-phenylpyrazolines were evaluated by agar well-diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Shigella flexneri. The highest activity (highest inhibition zone) of compound 5 was 2.6 mm (at 1000 ppm) against B. subtillis, compound 6 was 7.25 mm (at 1000 ppm) against S. aureus, and compound 7 was 6.75 mm (at 500 ppm) against S. aureus. The results indicated that compound 6 and 7 exhibited promising antibacterial activity.

The extraction of silica from rice husk ash (RHA) for the encapsulation of aflatoxin B 1 antibody (Ab-AFB 1 ) and its application as a matrix in immunoaffinity columns (IACs) were achieved. The RHA extraction was performed using 4 M NaOH, which yielded sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) for the synthesis of silica gel. The obtained silica was used for encapsulating Ab-AFB 1 using the sol-gel technique. One milliliter of 1 M Na 2 SiO 3 :H 2 O:H 3 PO 4 (0.43:0.11: 0.46) could generate silica gel that was suitable for encapsulating 1.36 mg of Ab-AFB 1 at pH 7. After 48 hours of aging, the silica gel modified with Ab-AFB 1 (SG-Ab-AFB 1 ) was ground, and packed as the matrix in the IAC for aflatoxins purification. The modified silica gel was characterized using FTIR and SEM. The properties of IAC with SG-Ab-AFB 1 were investigated by evaluating AF recovery, binding capacity, and reusability. The recovery of AFB 1 was 94.11 ± 4.62%. In addition to AFB 1 recovery, the column also retained AFB 2 , AFG 1 , and AFG 2 with recovery values of 98.22 ± 3.74%, 92.22 ± 7.62%, and 83.00 ± 6.31%, respectively. This column, which contained 0.5 g of SG-Ab-AFB 1 had a binding capacity of approximately 50 ng of AFs per column, and could be reused at least 5 times with a recovery of more than 80%.

There were many research on Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. fruit for its activity as possible anticancer. However, there wasn't investigation that P. macrocarpa seed and fruit meat ethanol extract effect to normal cell. The research was conducted to identify the ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa for cytotoxic activity against mononuclear perifer normal cell of human blood. The research comprised several sections including P. macrocarpa seed and fruit meat maceration with ethanol, and the cytotoxic activity test against mononuclear normal cell. The results showed that the ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa fruit meat and seed was slightly toxic against mononuclear normal cell with the LC50 of 3817.54 μg/mL and 1349.29 μg/mL respectively. Tamoxifen and 5-fluorourasil, anticancer drugs were extremely toxic against mononuclear normal cell giving LC50 of 3.52 μg/mL and 4.05 μg/mL. The ANOVA f-test (P

PCR-RFLP technique to detect porcine contamination in chicken nugget

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