An improvement of method for synthesizing 1-monolaurin from lauric acid and glycerol has been done. The reaction was carried on mol ratio between lauric acid and glycerol 1:1 at 130 °C for 6 h with variation of pTSA catalyst of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% (w/w of lauric acid). The purification of 1-monolaurin was conducted only by extracting with alcoholic solution. The product of 1-monolaurin was obtained as a white solid with 100% of purity from variation of 2.5% and 5% of pTSA catalyst with 43.54% and 27.89% yield, respectively. 1-Monolaurin could inhibit the growth of S. aureus and E. coli bacteria at 500 µg/mL of concentration.

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Ethanolysis reaction triglyceride from coconut oil using enzyme from lipozyme TL IM has produced a mixture of 2-mono acyl glycerol. Product 2-mono acyl glycerol with a yield of 35% has been achieved in the ratio by weight of triglyceride from coconut oil to dry ethanol is 1:4, temperature of 35°C, the number of lipozyme TL IM 5% (w/w) of the total weight of the reactants and reaction time 12 hours. The 2-monolaurin compound with a purity of 100% and a yield of 30, 1 % successfully separated from 2-mono acyl glycerol. The 2-monolaurin compound inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus at a concentration of 2500 ppm each with a diameter of inhibitory zone 13.75 and 10.44 mm. Product mixture 2-mono acylglycerol inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus respectively at concentrations of 100 and 1000 ppm with a diameter of inhibitory zone 10.32 and 10.83 mm.

Introduction Fatty acids and monoglycerides are two groups of lipid compounds that can be produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Vegetable oil is a triglyceride compound, also known as triacylglycerol or glycerol triester, with the acyl group that comes from a fatty acid. The type of vegetable oil is determined by the kind of fatty acid that is bound to triglycerides. Triglycerides of vegetable oils comprises of certain major fatty acids with some other minor fatty acids. For example, the coconut oil Cocos nucifera L. , the castor oil Ricinus communis L. , the olive oil, the sunflower oil, the palm oil contains 54 lauric acid 1 , 93 ricinoleic acid 2 , oleic acids 3 , oleic and linoleic acid 4 and palmitic acid 5 , respectively. Some types of fatty acids such as EPA and DHA have essential functions in health such as reducing coronary heart disease risk factors, preventing certain cancers and im

Virgin coconut oil is obtained by wet processing of coconut milk using fermentation, centrifugation, enzymatic extraction, and the microwave heating method. Presently, VCO has several positive effects and benefits to human health, hence, it is regularly consumed and widely known as a unique functional food. VCO contains lauric acid (45 to 52 %). By lipase in the digestive system, VCO can undergo a breakdown into lauric acid, 1-monolaurin, and 2-monolaurin. These components have both hydrophilic and lipophilic groups and are also recognized as excellent antimicrobial lipids. Furthermore, lauric acid and monolaurin can be used as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral with broad-spectrum inhibition. Lauric acid and monolaurin have a strong ability to destroy gram-positive bacteria, especially S. aureus, fungi such as C. Albicans, and viruses including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and visna virus (VV). Lauric acid and monolaurin interact with certain functional groups located in the cell membrane and can cause damage to the cell. In general, the potential of VCO as healthy food is contributed by lauric acid and monolaurin which are antimicrobial agents.

Monoglyceride is a part of a lipid group compound. As a derivative of triglycerides, monoglycerides could be produced from renewable resources like fat or vegetable oils. Structurally, monoglyceride has lipophilic and hydrophilic properties in its molecule. Lipophilic properties could be donated by an acyl group from fatty acid and hydrophilic properties from two hydroxyl residues. Therefore, it was referred to as an organic amphiphilic compound. Monoglycerides have potency as antifungal agents. Based on its chemical structure, monoglyceride allows to bind to lipid bilayer and other components on the cell membrane of fungal microorganism and damage it. In this chapter, we will describe the structure and classification, physical and chemical properties, as well as reaction path synthesis of monoglyceride from vegetable oils and mechanism of action of monoglyceride as antifungal agents.

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BackgroundBiofilm is one of the causes of antibiotic resistance. One of the biofilm-producing bacteria is Staphylococcus epidermidis which has been proven to infect long-term users of urinary catheters and implant devices. The 1-monolaurin compound has been known to have an antimicrobial effect. However, its effect on clinical isolates of S. epidermidis in producing biofilm has not been established. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 1-monolaurin towards biofilm forming clinical isolates of S. epidermidis.MethodsThe experiment used micro broth dilution technique which consists of test group (1-monolaurin), positive control group (rifampicin), solvent group, negative control group (clinical isolate of S. epidermidis), and media group (TSB media). The Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) was determined by incubating bacteria added with 1-monolaurin (1000–1953 μg/mL) or rifampicin (250–0,488 μg/mL) for 24 h. The MIC was determined visually. After that, the incubated bacteria was cultured in TSA media to determine Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The assessment of Biofilm inhibitory Concentration (BIC) and Biofilm Eradication Concentration (BEC) was conducted with the same way, the difference was BIC intervened directly with compound meanwhile BEC was incubated for 24 h in 37 °C before the intervention. Then, the specimen was reincubated to grow biofilm at the microplate, washed with PBS and stained with 1% of crystal violet. The optical density (OD) was measured at a wavelength of 595 nm. The percentage of BIC and BEC then were calculated, continued to probit analysis regression to determine the BIC50, BIC80, BEC50, and BEC80.ResultsThe MIC dan MBC of 1-monolaurin and rifampicin were > 1000 μg/mL, > 1000 μg/mL, ≤0.488 μg/mL, and 1.953 μg/mL respectively. BIC50 and BIC80 of 1-monolaurin and rifampicin were 26.669 μg/mL, 168.688 μg/mL, 0.079 μg/mL, and 0.974 μg/mL respectively. The BEC50 and BEC80 of 1-monolaurin and rifampicin were 322.504 μg/mL, 1338.681 μg/mL, 5.547 μg/mL, dan 17.910 μg/mL respectively.ConclusionThe 1-monolaurin can inhibit growth and eradicate the biofilm formed by clinical isolates of S. epidermidis, however, it has neither inhibit nor kill planktonic cells of S. epidermidis.