With the increasing population, the control of fertility is a major problem. Various contraceptive methods have been devised for control of fertility in females but limited work has been done in males. Though vasectomy has been widely publicised but due to the side effects, and problems in reversal it is popular in underdeveloped countries only (Leader et al. -1974).Various sclerosing agents have been tried in animals for control of fertility but these methods are also irreversible (Freeman and Coffee -1973;Setty et al. -1972). Intravasal devices like silk thread or copper wire have been tested in animals (Ahsan et al. -1976;Sud and Chandra -1977). The silk thread is not very effective and it is difficult to retain the copper wire in the vas deferens without complications for a longer period (Shahani et al. -1975). The aim of the present study was to deposit copper by iontophoresis technique keeping the vasal lumen patent and its contraceptive effect being achieved in rats and rabbits.Materials and Methods 28 adult male albino rats weighing over 300 gms were utilized as the test animals. They were fed on pellet diet. The animals were divided into following groups: A -Control -7 animals B -Copper ionized for 30 sec, current 1 m. amp. -7 animals C -Copper ionized for 60 sec. current 1 m. amp. -7 animals D -Copper ionized for 90 sec, current 1 m. amp. -7 animals In rabbits weighing over 1.8 kg, 7 animals were kept as control and in another batch of 7 animals, copper was ionized for 60 sec with a current of 3 m. amp.
Copper ionization procedureused for this purpose. Positive electrode consisted of a pure copper wire, 0.45 mm in diameter and the negative electrode was also made of copper wire 0.7 mm diameter. Both these electrodes were sharpened at their tips to allow easy penetration into the tissues. The positive electrode was well insulated except at the tip to avoid any injury to the vasal wall when the current is passed. After mid-abdominal incision, middle segment of vas deferens was picked up. Two clamps were applied lightly, leaving approximately half cm. of vas deferens in between the clamps and 0.01 ml of 0.1% copper sulphate was injected into the vasal loop and through the same opening, the positive electrode was passed, takmg care that the portion of the electrode touching the wall is insulated. The negative electrode Ionization apparatus described in detail in our previous study (Riar et al. -1981) was
Zusammenfassung: Kupfer wurde mittels Iontophorese bei einer Stromstarke von 7 mAmp. iiber funf Minuten im Vas deferens des Rhesusaffen eingelagert. Nach der Ioniesierung wurde ein Verlust der Motilitiit der Spermatozoen bei Zunahme der toten und abnormalen Formen gefunden. Auf der Seite der Kupfer-Deponierung liei3en sich atrophische Verinderungen im Vas deferens (Erosionen, Schichtung des hochcylindrischen Epithels 41 diesen Bezirken, engeres Lumen, keine Spermatozoen) nachweisen. Am epidi-
Effects of phenformin on blood sugar, serum triglyceride, thrombin time, euglobulin clot lysis time and cardiovascular complications were studied in maturity onset diabetes and in atherosclerotic patients with or without diabetes, for a period of 14-18 months. Phenformin has shown the characteristic properties of an antifibrinopathic agent in that it prolongs thrombin time and enhances fibrinolysis. The hypoglycaemic effect of phenformin was found to be directly related to its antifibrinopathic action. Plasma lipids fell in all cases. Absence of fresh cardiovascular complications and improvement in anginal symptoms were observed. The metabolic, haematological and clinical benefits of phenformin and its limitations in maturity onset diabetes and atherosclerosis may be explained by the effects of the drug upon the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. These results lend support to the hypothesis of a primary fibrinopathic pathogenesis in maturity onset diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis.
Haematologic studies were carried out in 20 high altitude natives during two months stay at plains (200 m) and on their return to an 'altitude of 3,500 m. Haemoglobin, erythrocyte count, haematocrit and reticulocyte count decreased rapidly on arrival to plains and attained minimum level by the end of fourth week. All these para'meters increased rapidly on return to high altitude and wcrc found t o attain maximum values by 23rd day on return to high altitude. Mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin showed significant increase at altitude. Blood volume and red cell mass increased significantly at altitude. It is concluded that the high altitude natives of Ladakh were well adapted t o hypoxic environment due to normocythaemic hypervolemia.
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