With the increasing population, the control of fertility is a major problem. Various contraceptive methods have been devised for control of fertility in females but limited work has been done in males. Though vasectomy has been widely publicised but due to the side effects, and problems in reversal it is popular in underdeveloped countries only (Leader et al. -1974).Various sclerosing agents have been tried in animals for control of fertility but these methods are also irreversible (Freeman and Coffee -1973;Setty et al. -1972). Intravasal devices like silk thread or copper wire have been tested in animals (Ahsan et al. -1976;Sud and Chandra -1977). The silk thread is not very effective and it is difficult to retain the copper wire in the vas deferens without complications for a longer period (Shahani et al. -1975). The aim of the present study was to deposit copper by iontophoresis technique keeping the vasal lumen patent and its contraceptive effect being achieved in rats and rabbits.Materials and Methods 28 adult male albino rats weighing over 300 gms were utilized as the test animals. They were fed on pellet diet. The animals were divided into following groups: A -Control -7 animals B -Copper ionized for 30 sec, current 1 m. amp. -7 animals C -Copper ionized for 60 sec. current 1 m. amp. -7 animals D -Copper ionized for 90 sec, current 1 m. amp. -7 animals In rabbits weighing over 1.8 kg, 7 animals were kept as control and in another batch of 7 animals, copper was ionized for 60 sec with a current of 3 m. amp.
Copper ionization procedureused for this purpose. Positive electrode consisted of a pure copper wire, 0.45 mm in diameter and the negative electrode was also made of copper wire 0.7 mm diameter. Both these electrodes were sharpened at their tips to allow easy penetration into the tissues. The positive electrode was well insulated except at the tip to avoid any injury to the vasal wall when the current is passed. After mid-abdominal incision, middle segment of vas deferens was picked up. Two clamps were applied lightly, leaving approximately half cm. of vas deferens in between the clamps and 0.01 ml of 0.1% copper sulphate was injected into the vasal loop and through the same opening, the positive electrode was passed, takmg care that the portion of the electrode touching the wall is insulated. The negative electrode Ionization apparatus described in detail in our previous study (Riar et al. -1981) was
Zusammenfassung: Kupfer wurde mittels Iontophorese bei einer Stromstarke von 7 mAmp. iiber funf Minuten im Vas deferens des Rhesusaffen eingelagert. Nach der Ioniesierung wurde ein Verlust der Motilitiit der Spermatozoen bei Zunahme der toten und abnormalen Formen gefunden. Auf der Seite der Kupfer-Deponierung liei3en sich atrophische Verinderungen im Vas deferens (Erosionen, Schichtung des hochcylindrischen Epithels 41 diesen Bezirken, engeres Lumen, keine Spermatozoen) nachweisen. Am epidi-
Effects of phenformin on blood sugar, serum triglyceride, thrombin time, euglobulin clot lysis time and cardiovascular complications were studied in maturity onset diabetes and in atherosclerotic patients with or without diabetes, for a period of 14-18 months. Phenformin has shown the characteristic properties of an antifibrinopathic agent in that it prolongs thrombin time and enhances fibrinolysis. The hypoglycaemic effect of phenformin was found to be directly related to its antifibrinopathic action. Plasma lipids fell in all cases. Absence of fresh cardiovascular complications and improvement in anginal symptoms were observed. The metabolic, haematological and clinical benefits of phenformin and its limitations in maturity onset diabetes and atherosclerosis may be explained by the effects of the drug upon the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. These results lend support to the hypothesis of a primary fibrinopathic pathogenesis in maturity onset diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis.
Two groups of male rats were exposed to simulated altitudes of 6060 m and 7576 m for 6 h/day for 7 days (intermittent exposure). In two additional groups of animals exposed to the same altitude, 100 mg of ascorbic acid (AA) was fed daily for 5 days prior to the exposure period and also during the exposure period. Rats that did not receive AA showed loss of body weight and weight of reproductive organs after exposure. Sex organs showed atrophy on histological examination and there was a deterioration in spermatozoal quality. There was an increase in alkaline and acid phosphatase, and decrease in protein, sialic acid and glyceryl phosphorylcholine content in various reproductive tissues after exposure. All the above changes in histology and biochemical composition could be partially prevented by AA supplementation. AA supplementation can therefore protect the male reproductive system from deleterious effects of hypoxia. The probable mechanism of action of AA is discussed.
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