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BackgroundInfrared thermography is a painless, noninvasive, nonionizing diagnostic imaging exam used in human medicine as an auxiliary tool for breast cancer diagnosis in women.Hypothesis/ObjectivesDefine thermographic mean temperatures of healthy mammary glands and compare these temperatures with those of mammary glands with tumors in dogs.AnimalsFifty client‐owned female dogs were evaluated, including 20 with histopathologically confirmed mammary tumor and 30 clinically healthy (control).MethodsA randomized study using infrared thermography analyzed each mammary gland of the animals from the control group and mammary glands with tumors from the tumor group, then the thermographic temperatures obtained were compared. Thermographic exam was performed in a temperature‐controlled room with a cooled thermographic camera—Flir E‐40 (Flir Systems®)ResultsThere was significantly a higher temperature in the caudal abdominal and inguinal mammary glands than the other glands in the healthy group (P < .05). Dogs with mammary tumors had significantly higher thermographic temperature compared with unaffected glands regardless of the tumor size and the location (P < .05).Conclusions and clinical importanceThe technique seems to be able to assess for the presence of neoplasia within the mammary tissue in bitches. Further investigation is necessary to determine the impact of this technique when adopted clinically.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between total and abdominal adiposity with metabolic parameters and inflammatory markers, in female adolescents. Subjects and methods: The sample consisted of 53 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years from a public school in Curitiba, Brazil. The adiposity indicators studied were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), trunk fat mass (TKFM), total fat mass (TFM) and body fat percentage (BF%) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The metabolic and inflammatory parameters studied were systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), leptin, adiponectin and resistin. Results: Eighty percent of WC variation, 87% of TKFM and TFM, and 73% of BF% were predicted by BMI variation. There was a significant positive correlation between all indicators of adiposity with SBP, DBP, insulin, HOMA-IR, CRP and leptin. Triglycerides were positively correlated with BMI and WC, and adiponectin correlated negatively with BMI. TNF-α, IL-6, glucose, total cholesterol, and high-and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not correlate to the studied variables. Conclusion: BMI showed a significant association with most of the parameters studied, and WC was slightly better than BMI to predict insulin resistance in this specific population. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(4):325-34

Objective: To systematically review the literature as for the level of evidence of predictive equations of VO2peak through the 20-meter shuttle run test (20m-SRT) in children and adolescents. Data sources: Searches were conducted independently by two researchers, according to the procedures adopted by PRISMA, in the electronic databases MEDLINE via PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, LILACS and SciELO, for articles published until September 2017 in English and Portuguese. The inclusion criteria were: original studies, abstract available, using predictive equations of VO2peak through 20m-SRT, conducted with adolescents and/or children, non-athletes, and mentioning correlation analysis between predicted and measured VO2peak. The level of evidence of equations was based on the risk of bias of the studies using the following criteria: sample number, sample characteristics, and statistical analysis. Data synthesis: Eighteen studies were selected, in which fifteen equations were found and analyzed. The studies had been conducted with samples composed of subjects of both sexes, aged 8 to 19 years. Equations of Léger and Matsuzaka had their level of evidence classified as high, and estimation ranged between r=0.54-0.90 and r=0.65-0.90. Equations by Ruiz, Barnett and Matsuzaka had their level of evidence classified as moderate, and estimation ranged between r=0.75-0.96, r=0.66-0.84 and r=0.66-0.89, respectively. Conclusions: Matsuzaka’s equation presented satisfactory parameters for estimates of VO2peak in children and adolescents. Although not explored in equations, body adiposity and pubertal stage are significantly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents.

Objective: To compare maximal fat oxidation rates (FATMAX) and analyze their association with cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods: Twenty-two male and female adolescents aged between 11 to 17 years, following clinical and anthropometric evaluations, were assigned to the diabetic group (DG; n = 10) or control group (CG; n = 12). Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) during a maximal aerobic test on a cycle ergometer using the Balke protocol. Maximal fat oxidation (FATMAX) was determined by the respiratory exchange ratio proposed in the Lusk table. Results: Adolescents in the DG had lower mean FATMAX (p<0.01) and %VO 2FATMAX (p=0.001) values when compared with those in the CG. FATMAX values were inversely correlated with serum glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (r= -0.77) and directly correlated with BMI z-scores (r=0.76), while %VO 2FATMAX results were correlated with age (r=0.81), BMI z-scores (r=0.65), and VO 2max values (r=0.81). On multiple linear regression, HbA1c values explained 54% (adjusted r²=0.54, p=0.009) and BMI z-scores explained 3.1% (adjusted r²=-0.031, p=0.009) of the variation in FATMAX in the DG. Adolescents with T1DM had similar cardiorespiratory fitness and lower FATMAX rates (35±11 VO2max) when compared with controls (60±12 VO 2max ). Conclusion: These results suggest lower fat oxidation rates and greater use of glucose as an energy substrate during exercise and worse control in T1DM. Therefore, results may contribute to appropriate exercise prescription in T1DM, after verifying exercise intensity to reduce hypoglycemia risk. Level of evidence III; Case-control study. RESUMOObjetivo: Comparar as taxas máximas de oxidação da gordura (FATMAX) e analisar a sua associação com a aptidão cardiorrespiratória em adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Métodos: Vinte e dois adolescentes de ambos os sexos, de 11 a 17 anos, após avaliações clínicas e antropométricas, foram alocados no grupo diabético (GD; n = 10) ou no grupo controle (GC; n = 12). A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi determinada pelo consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO 2max ) durante um teste aeróbico máximo em um cicloergômetro utilizando o protocolo Balke. A oxidação máxima da gordura (FATMAX) foi determinada pela razão de troca ventilatória proposta na Tabela de Lusk. Resultados: Os adolescentes no GD apresentaram menores valores médios de FATMAX (p<0,01) e % VO 2FATMAX (p=0,001) quando comparados com aqueles no GC. Os valores de FATMAX correlacionaram-se inversamente com os níveis de hemoglobina glicosilada sérica (HbA1c) (r = -0,77) e diretamente com o z-score IMC (r = 0,76), enquanto os resultados de %VO 2FATMAX correlacionaram-se diretamente com a idade (r = 0,81), z-score IMC (r = 0,65) e VO 2max (r = 0,81). Na regressão linear múltipla, os valores de HbA1c explicaram 54% (r² ajustado = 0,54, p = 0,009) e o z-score IMC explicou 3,1% (r² ajustado = -0,031, p = 0,009) da variação no FATMAX no GD. Os adolescentes com DM1 apresentaram apti...

Background: The combination of interval training and resistance training has showed interesting results in chronic heart failure patients, corroborating the benefits of physiological adaptations of both protocols. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the combination of interval training and resistance training program when compared to interval training alone and/or without intervention group on cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with chronic heart failure. Methods: We search MEDLINE via PubMed, ScienceDirect, Sportdiscus, BIREME and Scielo, from their inception to December 2018. Were included both randomized and non-randomized controlled trials comparing the effect of combined training, interval training alone and/or WI group on VO 2peak (expressed in ml/kg/min), in people with chronic heart failure patients. The meta-analysis was conducted via Review Manager v 5.3 software, using random effect model. Results: Ten articles were selected (nine randomized controlled trial), involving 401 participants. Six studies compared combined training with interval training and six studies compared combined training with the without intervention group. Eighty percent of the trials presented moderate risk of bias and twenty percent low risk of bias. Data showed significant difference and major increase in VO 2peak in favor to combined training group compared to interval training group (SMD = 0.25; CI = 0.04-0.46) and without intervention group (SMD = 0.46; CI = 0.29-0.64), respectively.

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Introduction: Obesity in adolescents has increased worldwide, and is generally associated with poor eating habits and physical inactivity. Objective: To compare absolute and relative muscle strength with body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM) and localized FFM of upper and lower limbs among obese and non-obese adolescents. Methods: BM, height and body mass index (BMI) were verified in 39 male adolescents (aged 13-17 years). Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and maximal strength of upper and lower limbs was estimated by a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test. Participants were divided into three groups: eutrophic (normal weight) (n=11), overweight (n=14), and obese (n=14). One-way ANOVA was used to compare the variables, followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for relevant correlations and multiple linear regression to verify the influence of anthropometric variables, body composition and muscle strength of upper and lower limbs. Results: Obese and overweight adolescents had absolute muscle strength values similar to those of the eutrophic adolescents, which were lower when corrected by BM (p<0.001). However, muscle strength related to FFM and localized FFM were similar between groups in both upper and lower limbs. Linear regression showed that BMI explained 59% of the variation in absolute muscle strength of the lower limbs (β=0.59, p<0.05), FFM explained 84% of the variation in absolute muscle strength of the upper limbs (β=0.84, p<0.01) and 68% of the lower limbs (β=0.68; p<0.01), while localized FM was inversely associated in the lower limbs (β=−0.53, p<0.05). Conclusion: Muscle strength of lower and upper limbs, when corrected by localized FFM, does not distinguish between overweight and normal weight adolescents, indicating that obesity does not have a negative effect on generation of muscle strength in obese boys. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.