The background of this research was the demands of the industrial revolution 4.0 era. Hence, the students should have high-oder thinking skills and lecturers must be able to create learning that was able to achieve these demands. This study examined the effect of Blended Learning and Project Based Learning in improving the students’ Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS). This research was an experimental research with a quasi-experiment design type. The sample of this research was 90 students from Primary School Teacher Education Department at State University of Padang. This research proven that the obtained t count = 4.374 with df = 392.24 and sig (1 way) = 0.000 where sig (1 way) <0.05. It concluded that there was an improving of students’ HOTS ability that learned using Blended Learning and Project Based Learning rather than of using Blended Learning only. This research of using Blende-Learning and Project Based learning could improve on students' higher-order thinking skills. This research implied using Blended Learning and Project Based learning model was an alternative to improve Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS). Keywords:  Blended Learning, Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS), Project Based Learning.

A fairy tale is a fantasy story which gives moral education, and can be one of the media used for character building. One of the values found in a fairy tale is cooperation. Children's character building strategy is done through giving fairy tales, listening to fairy tales, and creating a supportive reading environment. This study aimed at observing the ability of children in identifying the character values found in fairy tales and their ability to implement the values in their daily life. The respondents of this study were 3-4-year-old students of PAUD Pelangi Palembang. The number of the respondents was 15 students. Data mixed research design was used where the data collected through interview, observation and test. The results revealed that the value of cooperation could be effectively implemented through fairy tales. Before they were told fairy tales, the students were reluctant to tidy up their toys after they finished playing together, but after they were given a fairy tale about cooperation, the children enthusiastically cooperated to tidy up their toys, tidy up the class' benches, throw garbage and tidy up the books on the shelf.

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This study aims to investigate the challenges literature teachers in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) face and the factors underlying the challenges while teaching literature. This paper is based on a questionnaire which consists of twenty items; 17 items are statements that require the participants’ responses on a five-point scale and the other three items are open-answer questions about literature in general. The study implemented a mixed approach: a quantitative approach to analyse the responses of the participants to the 17 on a five-point scale and a qualitative approach to analyse the responses to the remaining three open-answer questions. The results of the study showed that method of teaching is the most challenging component of literature teaching. The material taught is the second highest contributing factor to literature teaching challenges in KRI. Then, the external factors and the students are medium challenges respectively. Teachers are the least contributing factors in this regard. Analysis of the open-answer questions revealed that teaching literature is rewarding intellectually, philosophically, aesthetically and socially. It also exposed the concerns of a few respondents on how a literature class should be if they are given a choice to be in one.

Introduction to mathematics in early childhood is a very important cognitive aspect to be given. One of the things that can be done is the development of innovative mathematics learning media for early childhood. This study aims to conduct a literature review related to the various uses of mathematics learning media in early childhood. Data collection was carried out by reviewing all related articles published in the 2019-2022 period. After conducting a thorough review, there were 30 reputable articles from accredited journals used in this study. The results showed that there were 27 effective learning media that could be used by teachers at the time of learning to improve early childhood math skills. The researchers found that the teachers changed the normal learning strategy to a limited face-to-face learning strategy. For example in schools, teachers as educators had their own short-time learning strategies, so the learning process can be conducted effectively. Keywords: Online Learning, Application E-Learning, Web-Based E-Learning