This study was designed to examine motor and congnitive changes, infarct lesion and neurohistological changes, involving histologic staining and immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3 after induction by right unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (RUCCAO) for 90 minutes. The animals were divided into two groups: sham group and stroke model group. Cognitive impairment was evaluated by Y maze. Motor function was measured on days 0, 1, 3 and 7 using FUAT paradigm. Infarct area, histological and caspase-3 expressions were evaluated on day 14 after RUCCAO. The results showed that RUCCAO induced cognitive and motor impairment on day 3 and 7. Furthermore, stroke model group induced infarct lesion. Hispatology examination showed body damage of neuron cell in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Moreover, expression of caspase-3 on RUCCAO group was significantly higher than that in sham group. In conclusion, RUCCAO method caused significant cognitive and motor function impairment. Furthermore, RUCCAO also induced infarct lesions and cell death in the thalamus brain area. Thus, RUCCAO can be employed as a method for ischemic stroke model, especially in focal ischemia.
ABSTRAKDaun Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L) mempunyai aktivitas untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococus mutans yang menyebabkan terjadinya karies pada gigi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menetapkan standar mutu dan keamanan dari simplisia dan ekstrak Daun Bandotan. Penelitian ini bersifat non eksperimental, yang meliputi pengambilan sampel, determinasi, pembuatan simplisia, pembuatan ekstrak menggunakan pelarut etanol dengan metode maserasi. Uji karakteristik meliputi organoleptik, mikroskopik, skrining fitkomia menggunakan profil Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT), penetapan kadar zat terlarut dalam air, kadar zat terlarut dalam etanol, kadar abu total, kadar tidak larut asam dan susut pengeringan. Karaktersitik organoleptik simplisia daun bandotan berwarna hijau tua, rasa pahit dan sepat bau aromatik khas bandotan. Ekstraknya berwarna hijau kehitaman bau aromatik khas bandotan rasa sangat pahit. Skrining fitokimia ekstrak daun bandotan mengandung senyawa alkaloid, steroid dan flavonoid. Uji mikroskopik simplisia daun bandotan terdapat rambut penutup, epidermis atas dan bawah, dinding bergelombang dengan stomata tipe anomistik, mesofil meliputi jaringan palisade. Persentase larut air simplisia dan ekstrak adalah 2% dan 2,4%. Persentase larut etanol adalah 12,9% dan 9,5%. Persentase kadar abu total 25,5% dan 51%. Persentase kadar abu larut air adalah 10% dan 7,35%. Persentase kadar abu tidak larut asam adalah 9,7% dan 2,5%. Persentase susut pengeringan adalah 11% dan 75%. ABSTRACTBandotan leaves (Ageratum conyzoides L) has an activity to inhibit the growth of Streptococus mutans bacteria cause dental caries. This Research was designed to establish quality and safety standards for simplicia and Bandotan leaves extracts. This research is non-experimental, which includes sampling, determination, making simplicia, and extraction. Characterization tests including organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, phytochemicals screening using TLC, determination of soluble water content, soluble ethanol content, total ash content, water soluble in ash content, acid insoluble in ash content and decrease drying. Organoleptic characteristics of simplicia test showed dark green, has bitter taste
One of the oral and dental diseases that is often experienced by most people is dental caries. Clove leaves (Syzygium Aromaticum Merr. Et Perry L) have compounds that can prevent the activity of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans which is the cause of dental caries. This research is non experimental which focuses on the characterization of clove leaves. Characterization of simplisia and sample extracts include organoleptic observation, microscopy, phytochemical screening using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), determination of soluble substances in certain solvents (ethanol and water), total ash content, water soluble ash content, insoluble ash content in acid, then drying shrinkage test. The results of the organoleptic test for simplisia and extract of clove leaf showed that they have a dark brown color, specific aromatic odor, spicy and bitter taste. Clove leaf extract has a brownish black color, aromatic odor and has a bitter and pungent taste. Microscopic test of simplisia of clove leaves showed that there was a mesophyll includes palisade tissue, with calcium oxalate crystal, anomistic type stomata, identification fragments are fragments of the lower epidermis with stomata. The results of the percentage of soluble substances of simplisia and ethanol extract of clove leaf were 50% and 40%, the percentage of soluble substances of simplisia and ethanol extract of clove leaf were 1.73% and 4.33%. The percentage of total ash content of simplisia and ethanol extract of clove leaf 11.4% and 22%, the percentage of water soluble ash content of simplisia and extract was 16.9%, 17.5%. Percentage of insoluble ash content of simplisia acid and extract 9.5% and 10.5%. Shrinkage of simplisia and extracts were 7.6% and 11.46%.
ABSTRAKDiabetes mellitus adalah penyakit metabolik yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar gula darah akibat gangguan pada sekresi insulin, kerja insulin atau keduanya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat efektivitas pemberian edukasi terhadap pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai penyakit diabetes mellitus. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Sidomulyo, Kecamatan Anggana. Sasaran kelayakan penelitian ini adalah masyarakat yang berada di daerah desa yang sebagian besar belum mengenal informasi tentang resiko, pencegahan, dan pengobatan diabetes mellitus. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan konseling dengan alat bantu booklet dan diskusi tanya jawab. Penilaian tingkat pengetahuan menggunakan kuesioner Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ) -24. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimental dengan one group pretest-posttest design. Pengukuran pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah pemberian intervensi digunakan analisis statistik Wilcoxon. Responden penelitian didominasi oleh perempuan 68% dan laki-laki 32% dengan rentang usia kurang dari 60 tahun sebanyak 77% dan lebih dari 60 tahun 23%. Hasil pretest menggunakan kuesioner DKQ -24 menunjukkan responden dengan kategori pengetahuan rendah sebanyak 27%, pengetahuan cukup sebanyak 65%, dan pengetahuan tinggi 8%. Dua minggu kemudian dilakukan posttest dengan menggunakan kuesioner DKQ -24, diperoleh hasil responden dengan kategori pengetahuan rendah sebanyak 3%, pengetahuan cukup sebanyak 77%, dan pengetahuan tinggi sebanyak 20%. Nilai rata-rata pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pencegahan dan pengobatan diabetes mellitus, yaitu pretest 10,17 ± 4,891 dan posttest 14,20 ± 3,119. Ditemukan hubungan antara sebelum dan sesudah diberikan pemberian konseling dengan nilai p < 0,000. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan adanya pengaruh peningkatan pengetahuan tentang diabetes mellitus setelah pemberian konseling. ABSTRACTDiabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels due to interference with insulin secretion, insulin action or both. The aim of this research is to look the effect of counseling on public knowledge about diabetes mellitus. This research was conducted in Sidomulyo Village,
Nephelium mutabile Blume (Traditionally known as Pulasan or Kapulasan) is a plant resembling the rambutan fruit that grows mostly on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. Pulasan has a unique characteristic, the skin of this fruit was hairless and had very bright color. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of different parts of the Pulasan, including the peels, seeds and leaves. Antioxidant activity was determined by IC50 values using the DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with Vitamin C as a positive control. Each part of the plant was extracted using 96% ethanol then the total phenolic compound was tested using a gallic acid as the standard. The results showed that ethanol extract of pulasan leaves had the highest antioxidant activity with the value 20.99 µg/mL (very strong antioxidant), while the seeds and peels of pulasan showed antioxidant activity of 520.68 µg/mL and >1000 µg/mL (not active as antioxidants) respectively. This result shows that ethanol extract from the leaves of Pulasan has potential to be developed as a source of natural antioxidants.
Pulasan (Nephelium mutabile Blume) merupakan tanaman yang banyak tumbuh di Kalimatan. Tanaman ini diketahui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi tertutama pada bagian kulitnya akan tetapi pemanfaatan aktivitas ini belum banyak dilakukan. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan kurangnya penelitian mengenai formulasi buah pulasan menjadi sediaan farmasi yang mudah dan menyenangkan untuk digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formula optimum effervescent ekstrak kulit buah pulasan yang dapat diterima dan mudah digunakan setelah itu dikaji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Pembuatan serbuk effervescent ekstrak kulit buah pulasan dilakukan menggunakan empat formula dengan konsentrasi ekstrak yang berbeda, dilanjutkan dengan uji kestabilan fisik meliputi uji pH, organoleptis, moisture content, waktu alir dan sudut diam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada yang signifikan antara hasil uji organoleptis, pH dan waktu melarut pada ke empat formula yaitu masuk dalam kategori memenuhi syarat. Namun pada uji moisture content dan sudut diam ke empat formula masuk dalam kategori tidak memenuhi syarat. Hasil optimum pada pengujian antioksidan formula effervescent ekstrak kulit buah pulasan ditunjukkan oleh formula IV ditentukan oleh nilai IC50 826,45 (µg/mL). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ekstrak pulasan dapat diformulasikan dalam bentuk Volume 9, Nomor 2 (2022) Jurnal Pharmascience ! 286 effervescent, tetapi pemilihan konsentrasi ekstrak kulit buah pulasan perlu ditinjau ulang agar didapatkan nilai IC50 yang optimum.
Indonesia biodiversity has the second highest number of indigenous medical plants after the amazon rain forest, meanwhile Indonesian people usually used plants as a medicine source and some medicine plants have been developed as modern drugs. One of medicine plant in Indonesia that usually used as a refreshment was grass jelly (Stephania capitata (Blume) Spreng). This plant frequently found in Sumatra, Borneo and Java island and the leaf of grass jelly has been reported as a medicine against stomach complaint (diarrhea) and fevers. This research was designed to investigate the secondary metabolites and the efficacy of leaf extract of grass jelly as anti diarrhea. The leaves extraction was done by using maceration with ethanol solvent at room temperature. Meyer reagent, dagendroff reagent, methanol, magnesium band, hydrochloric acid, iron (III) chloride, anhydrous acetic acid, sulfuric acid, chloroform were used for identification of secondary metabolites from grass jelly leaves. For potency anti diarrhea, animals were divided into six group: diarrhea group, treatment group with loperamid HCl and treatment group of leaf extract of grass jelly. The results showed that the leaf extract of grass jelly contain saponin, phenol, sterol and triterpen and the treatment with leaf extract of grass jelly significantly decreasing time duration of diarrhea.
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