This study was designed to examine motor and congnitive changes, infarct lesion and neurohistological changes, involving histologic staining and immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3 after induction by right unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (RUCCAO) for 90 minutes. The animals were divided into two groups: sham group and stroke model group. Cognitive impairment was evaluated by Y maze. Motor function was measured on days 0, 1, 3 and 7 using FUAT paradigm. Infarct area, histological and caspase-3 expressions were evaluated on day 14 after RUCCAO. The results showed that RUCCAO induced cognitive and motor impairment on day 3 and 7. Furthermore, stroke model group induced infarct lesion. Hispatology examination showed body damage of neuron cell in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Moreover, expression of caspase-3 on RUCCAO group was significantly higher than that in sham group. In conclusion, RUCCAO method caused significant cognitive and motor function impairment. Furthermore, RUCCAO also induced infarct lesions and cell death in the thalamus brain area. Thus, RUCCAO can be employed as a method for ischemic stroke model, especially in focal ischemia.
ABSTRAKDaun Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L) mempunyai aktivitas untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococus mutans yang menyebabkan terjadinya karies pada gigi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menetapkan standar mutu dan keamanan dari simplisia dan ekstrak Daun Bandotan. Penelitian ini bersifat non eksperimental, yang meliputi pengambilan sampel, determinasi, pembuatan simplisia, pembuatan ekstrak menggunakan pelarut etanol dengan metode maserasi. Uji karakteristik meliputi organoleptik, mikroskopik, skrining fitkomia menggunakan profil Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT), penetapan kadar zat terlarut dalam air, kadar zat terlarut dalam etanol, kadar abu total, kadar tidak larut asam dan susut pengeringan. Karaktersitik organoleptik simplisia daun bandotan berwarna hijau tua, rasa pahit dan sepat bau aromatik khas bandotan. Ekstraknya berwarna hijau kehitaman bau aromatik khas bandotan rasa sangat pahit. Skrining fitokimia ekstrak daun bandotan mengandung senyawa alkaloid, steroid dan flavonoid. Uji mikroskopik simplisia daun bandotan terdapat rambut penutup, epidermis atas dan bawah, dinding bergelombang dengan stomata tipe anomistik, mesofil meliputi jaringan palisade. Persentase larut air simplisia dan ekstrak adalah 2% dan 2,4%. Persentase larut etanol adalah 12,9% dan 9,5%. Persentase kadar abu total 25,5% dan 51%. Persentase kadar abu larut air adalah 10% dan 7,35%. Persentase kadar abu tidak larut asam adalah 9,7% dan 2,5%. Persentase susut pengeringan adalah 11% dan 75%. ABSTRACTBandotan leaves (Ageratum conyzoides L) has an activity to inhibit the growth of Streptococus mutans bacteria cause dental caries. This Research was designed to establish quality and safety standards for simplicia and Bandotan leaves extracts. This research is non-experimental, which includes sampling, determination, making simplicia, and extraction. Characterization tests including organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, phytochemicals screening using TLC, determination of soluble water content, soluble ethanol content, total ash content, water soluble in ash content, acid insoluble in ash content and decrease drying. Organoleptic characteristics of simplicia test showed dark green, has bitter taste
One of the oral and dental diseases that is often experienced by most people is dental caries. Clove leaves (Syzygium Aromaticum Merr. Et Perry L) have compounds that can prevent the activity of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans which is the cause of dental caries. This research is non experimental which focuses on the characterization of clove leaves. Characterization of simplisia and sample extracts include organoleptic observation, microscopy, phytochemical screening using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), determination of soluble substances in certain solvents (ethanol and water), total ash content, water soluble ash content, insoluble ash content in acid, then drying shrinkage test. The results of the organoleptic test for simplisia and extract of clove leaf showed that they have a dark brown color, specific aromatic odor, spicy and bitter taste. Clove leaf extract has a brownish black color, aromatic odor and has a bitter and pungent taste. Microscopic test of simplisia of clove leaves showed that there was a mesophyll includes palisade tissue, with calcium oxalate crystal, anomistic type stomata, identification fragments are fragments of the lower epidermis with stomata. The results of the percentage of soluble substances of simplisia and ethanol extract of clove leaf were 50% and 40%, the percentage of soluble substances of simplisia and ethanol extract of clove leaf were 1.73% and 4.33%. The percentage of total ash content of simplisia and ethanol extract of clove leaf 11.4% and 22%, the percentage of water soluble ash content of simplisia and extract was 16.9%, 17.5%. Percentage of insoluble ash content of simplisia acid and extract 9.5% and 10.5%. Shrinkage of simplisia and extracts were 7.6% and 11.46%.
Nephelium mutabile Blume (Traditionally known as Pulasan or Kapulasan) is a plant resembling the rambutan fruit that grows mostly on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. Pulasan has a unique characteristic, the skin of this fruit was hairless and had very bright color. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of different parts of the Pulasan, including the peels, seeds and leaves. Antioxidant activity was determined by IC50 values using the DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with Vitamin C as a positive control. Each part of the plant was extracted using 96% ethanol then the total phenolic compound was tested using a gallic acid as the standard. The results showed that ethanol extract of pulasan leaves had the highest antioxidant activity with the value 20.99 µg/mL (very strong antioxidant), while the seeds and peels of pulasan showed antioxidant activity of 520.68 µg/mL and >1000 µg/mL (not active as antioxidants) respectively. This result shows that ethanol extract from the leaves of Pulasan has potential to be developed as a source of natural antioxidants.
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