Aquaculture currently share for nearly half of the world's food fish consumption, and continue to be the fastest-growing animal food producing sector. The viability of aquaculture operation has greatly been affected by the characteristic of marine environment. Inventory and monitoring of marine environment are necessary and can be done through information technology implementation. Frequent monitoring of water temperature, for almost one year observation, at four aquaculture sites in Pegametan Bay and Research and Development Institute for Mariculture was investigated. Water temperature data were obtained by using logger and buoy systems. These data were contrasted against marine fish mortality. On the other hand, the suitability of species requirements with the thermal conditions was evaluated by comparing temperature range to the optimum and lethal temperature information available on marine fish species of aquaculture interest. This research could be beneficial for enhancing productivity of marine aquaculture operation in terms of possible impact of climate change. It was also possible to find the ideal temperature range for culturing fish species, taking into account the variability associated with large-scale phenomena.
Abalone is a herbivore marine animal which feeds on seaweed. Abalone culture has a good prospect in terms of price, market share and simple culture technique. Thus, a study was conducted with the aim of finding out an effective and efficient abalone culture technique in terms of feed use and density. In this study, a 42 cm diameter plastic container with a 22 cm height was used. Three vertically arranged containers were used as the experimental group which were put into a net box and hung onto a raft so that the containers were placed in a 4 m depth below the sea surface. The juvenile of abalones being used came from a hatchery production that has been adapted to cages environment with Gracilaria sp. and Ulva sp. feed. The initial density of abalones was 450 for each container, with the initial weight of 2.6-3.2 g and the 2.5-2.7 cm shell lengths. The abalones were fed with Gracilaria sp. and Ulva sp. seaweeds with different Gracilaria sp./Ulva sp. proportions, i.e. 100/0% (A); 80/20% (B); and 60/40% (C) as the treatments. Each treatment consisted of two replications. After three months of rearing period, densities of abalones were reduced to be 190 for each experimental unit. Weight and shell length of abalones were measured every month by measuring 25 abalone samples from each experimental unit. The result of the experiment showed that the increase in the Ulva sp. proportion in the feed increased the growth of abalones and decreased the feed conversion. Feeding with Gracilaria sp./Ulva sp. proportion of 60%/40% allowed the best growth of abalones. The decrease of abalone density in the experimental unit after three months of rearing also produced an increase in their growth.
<p>Analisis keragaan pertumbuhan benih ikan kerapu terdiri atas panjang, bobot, laju dan koefisien pertumbuhan, sintasan, dan faktor kondisi; merupakan aspek biologi yang penting diketahui dari kandidat ikan budidaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan panjang bobot, pertumbuhan, sintasan, konversi pakan, serta faktor kondisi benih ikan kerapu hibrida hasil hibridisasi kerapu macan (<em>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</em>) dengan kerapu kertang dan kerapu batik (<em>Epinephelus microdon</em>). Benih hibrida yang digunakan terdiri atas kerapu hibrida cantang (kerapu macan x kerapu kertang ), kerapu hibrida cantik (kerapu macan x kerapu batik ), serta kerapu macan (kerapu macan x kerapu macan ) sebagai kontrol. Dengan ukuran panjang dan bobot awal masing-masing antara 10-12 cm dan 22-35 g/ekor. Benih dipelihara dalam sembilan buah jaring ukuran 2 m x 2 m x 2 m di keramba jaring apung (KJA) dengan padat penebaran benih uji sebanyak 250 ekor/jaring. Hasil akhir penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi positif antara panjang dengan bobot pada kerapu hibrida cantang, cantik maupun kerapu macan dengan nilai koefisien korelasi masing-masing adalah 0,933; 0,884; dan 0,787. Pertumbuhan dari ketiga benih ikan kerapu bersifat allometri negatif, dengan nilai b 2,533; 2,896; dan 2,546. Pada kerapu hibrida cantang, laju pertumbuhan dan koefisien pertumbuhannya lebih besar dibandingkan dengan benih kerapu yang lainnya. Hasil perkawinan silang juga berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap konversi pakan, serta sintasan ikan yang dihasilkan. Faktor kondisi ikan kerapu hibrida cantang adalah 2,80; sedangkan pada kerapu hibrid cantik dan kerapu macan masing-masing adalah 2,12 dan 2,10.</p>
Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi dalam penyediaan calon induk ikan kerapu sunu Plectropomus leopardus hasil budidaya yang bersifat hermaprodit sekuensial adalah keterlambatan dalam perkembangan gonad dan perubahan gonad dari betina menjadi jantan. Manipulasi hormonal merupakan cara yang paling efektif dan efisien dalam memacu perkembangan reproduksi dan pematangan gonad. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan dosis hormon aromatase inhibitor dan oodev yang tepat untuk memacu perubahan kelamin dan perkembangan gonad ikan kerapu sunu. Ikan uji yang digunakan sebanyak 35 ekor F-1 dengan bobot rerata 2,3 ± 0,28 kg. Penelitian dilakukan selama dua bulan. Induksi hormon dilakukan melalui penyuntikan setiap dua minggu sekali dengan empat dosis aromatase inhibitor dan oodev yang berbeda; A (aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 ikan), O (oodev 1 mL kg-1 ikan), AO1 (aromatase inhibitor 0,1 mg kg-1 ikan + oodev 1 mL kg-1 ikan), AO2 (aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 ikan + oodev 1 mL kg-1 ikan), dan K (plasebo). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 ikan dan oodev 1 mL kg-1 ikan efektif untuk merangsang perubahan kelamin. Perlakuan tersebut dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi testosteron dalam darah (2,819 ng/mL) setelah delapan minggu pemeliharaan. Berdasarkan hasil histologi gonad dan observasi terhadap ekspresi gen terkait reproduksi menggunakan gen target DMRT1 dan SOX3 menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan hormon AO2 (Aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 ikan + oodev 1 mL kg-1 ikan) terbukti dapat memacu perubahan kelamin dari betina menjadi jantan dan kematangan gonad pada ikan kerapu sunu Plectropomus leopardus.The main problems faced in providing prospective broodstock of protogynous hermaphrodite coral trout grouper Plectropomus leopardus are lateness of gonadal development and gonadal sex reversal from female to male. Hormonal manipulation is the most effective way to induce reproductive development and gonadal maturation. The present study aimed to determine an effective dose of aromatase inhibitor and oodev on sex reversal and gonadal development of coral trout grouper. There were 35 F-1 fish with an average weight of 2.3 ± 0.28 kg. This research was conducted for two months. The fish were injected with four different dosages of aromatase inhibitor and oodev every two weeks: A (aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 fish), O (1 mL oodev), AO1 (aromatase inhibitor 0.1 mg kg-1 fish + oodev 1 mL kg-1 fish), AO2 (aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 fish + oodev 1 mL kg-1 fish), and K (placebo). The results showed that the combination of aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 fish and oodev 1 mL kg-1 fish was effective to induce the sex change. It could increase the concentration of testosterone in the blood (2.819 ng/mL) after eight weeks of culture. Based on the results of gonadal histology and reproductive-related genes expression observations using DMRT1 and SOX3 target genes, the hormonal treatment of AO2 (aromatase inhibitor 1 mg kg-1 fish + oodev 1 mL kg-1 fish) was able to accelerate sex reversal from female to male and gonadal maturation in coral trout grouper Plectropomus leopardus.
ABSTRAKPenurunan kualitas benih kerapu seringkali diindikasikan dengan pertumbuhan yang lambat, rentan terhadap infeksi penyakit, dan perubahan lingkungan serta terjadinya abnormalitas. Upaya perbaikan sifat genetik benih kerapu akan memberikan dampak signifikan dalam keberhasilan budidaya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh penanda gen tumbuh cepat pada benih/calon induk kerapu sunu sehingga dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas pemuliaan. Untuk mendapatkan penciri gen tumbuh cepat digunakan metode analisis mikrosatelit (SSR/Simple Sequence Repeats) dengan mengaplikasikan enam set primer (forward dan reverse). Calon induk yang digunakan untuk analisis masing-masing berjumlah 4 ekor ukuran kecil dan 10 ekor ukuran besar. Validasi dan akurasi lokus yang dihasilkan dianalisis lebih lanjut dengan sequencing. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa penanda gen tumbuh cepat dapat terlihat dari lokus PL-03 dengan alel/fragmen DNA pada berat molekul 370 bp. Tingkat keakuratan penanda gen tersebut pada kelompok ukuran besar mencapai 80%, sedangkan pada kelompok ukuran kecil hanya 30%. Hal ini juga didukung dengan keakuratan prediksi dari hasil sequencing memberikan nilai kemiripan sebesar 99%. Dengan demikian lokus PL-03 dapat digunakan sebagai penanda gen tumbuh cepat pada ikan kerapu sunu dalam mempercepat seleksi calon induk.KATA KUNCI: penanda genetik, pertumbuhan cepat, mikrosatelit, selective breeding ABSTRACT: Determination of genetic marker for fast growth in produce candidates broodstock of coral trout grouper, Plectropomus leopardus by selective breeding.
Coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) is one of the grouper species with high economic value. The demand for fingerlings has been considerably increased in recent years. Dependence on the wild broodstock should be reduced gradually and replaced with domesticated from hatchery production. Institute for Mariculture Research and Fishes Extension (IMRAFE) has succeeded in coral trout culture and selected domesticated broodstock using a fast-growth marker and now has a third-generation (F3) of coral trout. Observation of gonad development and initial spawning of third-generation (F3) coral trout was carried out. The study aimed to understand gonadal development and initial spawning of coral trout F3 as an alternative for wild broodstock used in grouper hatchery activities. The study used 100 fishes of 31 months old coral trout F3 and observed for 11 months from January -November 2017. The research includes analysis of coral trout F3 gonad development, cultured and initial spawned of coral trout F3. The result shown in the population of coral trout F3 was male, transition, and female. Stage of female gonad maturation was III, IV, and V. The fecundity range 175.478 -1.777.988 eggs, and coral trout F3 was spawned with quality still low. Increasing spawning quality can be done by improving feed management and hormonal stimulation.
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