Background: Red betel vine (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) is known empirically to have properties to cure various kinds of diseases. It contains flavonoids, alkaloids, polifenolat compounds, tannins and essential oil compounds. Standardization in the pharmacy is required to ensure the level of quality, fulfill the standard requirement of chemical, biological, and pharmaceutical, including the guarantee of stability as pharmaceutical products generally. Objective: To investigate the standard specific and non-specific parameters set by Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (FDSA) of ethanol leaf extract of red betel leaves. Methods:The study began with sample preparation, then extracted by maceration method to get the active compounds in the lumpy extract. Extract was analyzed with standard specific and non-specific parameters set by FDSA. Results were analyzed with descriptive analysis method. Results: The features of leaf extract of red betel vine leaves using are organolepticly viscous, dark green,and has a distinctive odor with a bitter spicy taste. The yield, water content, ash content, and specific gravity of extract were 14.8%, 0.353%, 0.16%, 0.729 respectively. Total mold contamination of extract satisfied the standard criteria that was below the limit of a maximum of 10 colonies/gram. Metal contamination of lead (Pb) was 1. 404 mg/kg and Cadmium (Cd) was 0. 223 mg/kg. Chromatographic profile of the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) red betel vine leaves ethanol extract contains compounds caryophyllene, germacrene-D and some other compounds with low similiaritas index, and has a marker compound which is suspected possibly trimethoxyallyl benzen. Conclusion : The ethanol extract of red betel vine (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) leaves is an extract of the organolepticly viscous, dark green color, distinctive smell, bitter taste, and spicy. The ethanol extract of red betel vine leaves satisfies the standard level set by FDSA and has the marker compound which is expected likely Trimethoxyallyl benzen.
, which was first discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has infected more than 200 countries. The virus that causes it is the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 or better known as SARS-CoV-2. Symptoms in infected individuals vary widely from asymptomatic to severe ones. Individuals infected with COVID-19 may develop hypercoagulability and thrombosis. D-dimer is a degradation product of fibrin which indicates the formation of thrombin and dilution of fibrin by plasmin. Literature search was done in PubMed and Google Scholar from January 2020 to October 2021. The search method used the Boolean operators to link titles and abstracts with the keywords "D-Dimer" AND "COVID-19". The year of publication was all after 2019. The types of research were not limited, so all sources, meta-analyses, reviews, original articles, and reports, were collected.In COVID-19 patients, D-dimer can be an early marker to improve the management of COVID-19 patients. D-dimer can serve as a marker to determine the severity of lung damage. An increase in D-dimer indicates a degradation of accumulated fibrin in the alveoli and lung parenchyma as a result of lung trauma due to the reaction between the immune system and SARS-Cov-2 in the alveoli or lung parenchyma. The results showed that elevated plasma D-dimer levels were more common in patients with severe COVID-19 cases. The D-dimer is positively correlated with the prognosis of COVID-19. A fourfold increase in D-dimer or greater predicts in-hospital mortality.
Abstrak. Lalat merupakan serangga yang dapat membawa berbagai bakteri, salah satunya Staphylococcus aureus. Bakteri tersebut dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia. Hadits Nabi Muhammad s.a.w disebutkan bahwa lalat memiliki penyakit pada satu sisi sayapnya dan penawar pada sisi sayap yang lain. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat mengetahui gambaran hadits tersebut dan peran metabolit sekunder lalat rumah terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri metabolit sekunder lalat rumah terhadap Staphylococcus aureus serta mengetahui konsentrasi bakteri yang dapat dihambat oleh metabolit sekunder tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorium dengan menguji aktivitas antibakteri metabolit sekunder lalat rumah yang diambil pada menit ke-20 terhadap Staphylococcus aureus yang terbagi menjadi 6 konsentrasi yaitu 101 CFU/ml hingga 106 CFU/ml. Hasil dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan membandingkan pertumbuhan bakteri pada uji metabolit sekunder dengan kontrol. Hasil pengujian didapatkan terdapat hambatan pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus pada uji metabolit sekunder lalat rumah dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Konsentrasi yang dapat dihambat sepenuhnya adalah 101 CFU/ml, sedangkan konsentrasi 102 CFU/ml hingga 106 CFU/ml dihambat sebagian. Namun hasil yang diperoleh belum konsisten. Metabolit sekunder lalat rumah memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus yaitu ditunjukkan oleh hambatan pertumbuhan bakteri pada semua konsentrasi yang diuji Kata Kunci: Aktivitas Antibakteri, Metabolit Sekunder, Musca domestica, Staphylococcus aureus Abstract. Flies are insects carry a variety of bacteria, one of it is Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium cause disease in humans. However, in the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w, mentioned that a fly carries a disease on one side of its wings and an antidote on the other side. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to be able to explain the relation with the meaning of the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. and to show the role of secondary metabolites of houseflies on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This research is to determine the antibacterial activities of the housefly’s secondary metabolites towards Staphylococcus aureus and the concentration of bacteria that can be inhibited by these secondary metabolites. This research use experimental laboratory which tested the antibacterial activities of the housefly’s secondary metabolites taken in the 20th minute towards Staphylococcus aureus, was divided into six concentrations of 101 CFU/ml to 106 CFU/ml compared with controls. The results were analyzed descriptively by comparing bacterial growth in secondary metabolites test with bacterial growth in control. This research found there is Staphylococcus aureus growth inhibition in the test given secondary metabolites of house flies compared with controls. Concentrations of bacteria that can be inhibited entirely are 101 CFU/ml, while those that can be partially inhibited are at concentrations of 102 CFU/ml to 106 CFU/ml. But the results obtained have not consistent. Secondary metabolites of house flies have antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus. This is indicated by the inhibition of bacterial growth at all concentrations tested.Keywords: Antibacterial activity, secondary metabolites, Musca domestica, Staphylococcus aureus
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is an important marker that is significantly significant in the severity of COVID-19 patient outcomes. An increase in CRP indicates an increased risk of disease progression. IL-6 levels will also increase to become a strong predictor of the risk of damage to the respiratory system. This study aims to determine the relationship between CRP of COVID-19 patients with severity and outcome. This study is an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The subjects involved in the study were COVID-19 patients at the dr. Soedono Madiun in the period January 2020 - April 2021. The instrument used is secondary data in medical records from RSUD dr. Soedono Madiun. There was no significant difference in CRP levels in 114 patients hospitalized for <12 days and >12 days (p=0.051), then the duration of hospitalization was also not correlated with CRP levels (p=0.70, r =-0.251). In addition, there was a significant difference in CRP levels between patients with severe and non-severe severity (p=0.0013). The patient’s severity was also positively correlated with CRP level (p=0.012, r=0.233). There was a significant difference in CRP levels in patients with recovered and dead outcomes and was positively correlated (p=0.000, r=0.378). CRP levels are related to the severity and outcome of COVID-19 patients. A high CRP indicates severity and risk of death.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 06 No. 04 Oct’22 Page: 452-456
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