Tithonia diversifolia, Cyclea barbata, Tinospora crispa, Arcangelisia flava, Pycnarrhena cauliflora are plants used in Indonesia for the traditional treatment of malaria. In the search for new antiparasitic drugs, the parts traditionally used of these 5 plants were extracted with various solvents and evaluated in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum but also against Babesia divergens and Leishmania infantum. Seven crude plant extracts out of 25 tested displayed high antimalarial activities with IC50 < 5 µg/ml and in the case of some of them an interesting selectivity regarding their cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. A. flava appeared to be the most promising antiplasmodial plant with the highest antiplasmodial activity (IC50 values less than 3 µg/ml) and the weakest cytotoxicity. By contrast, only P. cauliflora radix, through its dichloromethane and methanol extracts also demonstrated a high activity against L. infantum, with IC50 values around 3 µg/ml; their high selectivity index, especially on VERO cells, hypothesises a specific parasiticidal action. Moreover, for all the extracts showing antiplasmodial activity, a positive correlation was demonstrated with antibabesial activity, suggesting that these antiplasmodial extracts could be a potential source of antibabesial compounds. These preliminary results confirm the antiplasmodial interest of some of these plants used in traditional medicine but also their effects on leishmaniasis and babesiosis. Ongoing phytochemical investigations should allow identification of the chemical series responsible for these activities.

No abstract

Background: Red betel vine (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) is known empirically to have properties to cure various kinds of diseases. It contains flavonoids, alkaloids, polifenolat compounds, tannins and essential oil compounds. Standardization in the pharmacy is required to ensure the level of quality, fulfill the standard requirement of chemical, biological, and pharmaceutical, including the guarantee of stability as pharmaceutical products generally. Objective: To investigate the standard specific and non-specific parameters set by Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (FDSA) of ethanol leaf extract of red betel leaves. Methods:The study began with sample preparation, then extracted by maceration method to get the active compounds in the lumpy extract. Extract was analyzed with standard specific and non-specific parameters set by FDSA. Results were analyzed with descriptive analysis method. Results: The features of leaf extract of red betel vine leaves using are organolepticly viscous, dark green,and has a distinctive odor with a bitter spicy taste. The yield, water content, ash content, and specific gravity of extract were 14.8%, 0.353%, 0.16%, 0.729 respectively. Total mold contamination of extract satisfied the standard criteria that was below the limit of a maximum of 10 colonies/gram. Metal contamination of lead (Pb) was 1. 404 mg/kg and Cadmium (Cd) was 0. 223 mg/kg. Chromatographic profile of the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) red betel vine leaves ethanol extract contains compounds caryophyllene, germacrene-D and some other compounds with low similiaritas index, and has a marker compound which is suspected possibly trimethoxyallyl benzen. Conclusion : The ethanol extract of red betel vine (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) leaves is an extract of the organolepticly viscous, dark green color, distinctive smell, bitter taste, and spicy. The ethanol extract of red betel vine leaves satisfies the standard level set by FDSA and has the marker compound which is expected likely Trimethoxyallyl benzen.

No abstract

No abstract

The use of medicinal plants in treating various disease has been reported since long time ago, including for hepatic disease. Corn silk contains phytochemicals of medical benefit such as flavonoids compounds which act as antioxidant agents and has been widely reported possess hepatoprotective effect. Using a model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in 36 male Wistar rats, this study investigated the effect of corn silk infusion and assessed using enzymes produced by the liver in plasma [alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and liver glutathione (GSH)]. The corn silk infusion (in 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW doses) were administered 24 hours after CCl4-induction liver damage with 3ml/kg BW CCl4 in olive oil (1:1, v/v), intraperitoneally for seven days. Along with corn silk groups, distilled water (0.2 mL/kg BW) and Curcumin (100 mg/kg BW) were given for induction and drug control, respectively. In the end of the study (8th day), the level of both ALP dan GSH were measured. The differences among groups for GSH and ALP level were statistically calculated using ANOVA method.  The result showed that the corn silk infusion is active at 200 mg/kg BW based on both ALP (18.74% decreased) and GSH (5-7% increased) level. Moreover, the flavonoid compound was detected on the infusion that may contribute on its hepatoprotective activity. In conclusion, corn silk infusion owned hepatoprotective effect in male Wistar rats.

Yacon leaf (Smallanthus sonchifolius, Asteraceae) ethanolic extracts are widely used in herbal medicine preparation for diabetes. They contain two sesquiterpene lactones (enhydrin (1) and uvedalin (2)) as major bioactive compounds. To provide a suitable method of analysis for the extract’s quality control, we developed and validated a simultaneous HPLC-UV method using the compounds as markers. Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated using a freeze crystallization technique followed by a preparative HPLC. Spectrometry data for 1 and 2 were determined and compared to the literature. Chromatographic separation was carried out for 30 min with a mobile phase that used 60% water and 40% acetonitrile and a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) as the stationary phase. The flow was set to 1 mL min−1 and detection was conducted at 210 nm. The validation method was conducted according to the ICH guidelines, which included linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ. The calibration curve of both compounds was linear (R 2 > 0.9999), with the limit of detection and quantification as follows, respectively, 0.52 and 1.57 µg/mL for 1, and 0.144 and 0.436 µg/mL for 2. The percentages of recovery and repeatability (%RSD) were, 101.46 and 0.30% for 1, and 97.68 and 0.08% for 2, respectively. The 1 and 2 were 1.67 and 0.88% in the Ykal extract, and 1.26 and 0.56% in the Ycin extract, respectively. The method was found to be linear, precise, accurate, and suitable to be applied for control quality analyses of yacon leaf extract.

The purpose of this study was to determine toxic symptoms (loss of reflex), enzyme activity of SGOT and SGPT, and liver histopathology of experimental mice (Mus musculus) exposed to a combination formulation of 96% ethanol extract spray of Solanum melongena L. and Cananga adorata flower oil. True experimental research design with Post Test Only Control Group Design, this study used 4 treatment groups and 1 control group, data collected in the form of toxic symptoms (loss of reflex), SGOT enzymatic activity, and liver histopathological picture of experimental mice (Mus musculus). Which was analyzed by One Way Anova and Descriptive test. The results showed that the changes in toxic physical symptoms (loss of reflexes) of experimental mice (Mus musculus) after 30 minutes of spraying were strange reactions to walking around without direction, sensitivity to touch, changes in social interaction colliding with each other, lethargy, eye opacity and excessive blinking, respiratory rate. increased, which returned to normal at 4 hours to 168 hours after spraying. The activity of the SGOT and SGPT enzymes after 168 hours of spraying showed that the higher the dosage of the formulation, the higher the activity of the SGOT and SGPT enzymes, but the increase was still within normal limits, the histopathological results of liver morphology grading at various research doses showed Normal and Mild. Conclusion: Solanum melongena L. and Cananga adorata flower oil combined did not cause pathological effects in experimental mice (Mus musculus).