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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. ABSTRACTThe U.S. Navy is a very large consumer of middle distillate fuels. Fuels for military applications have more severe restrictions than for the usual commercial consumer. One of the most stringent and difficult requirements to meet is that of fuel storage stability. Storage instability is defined in terms of solids formation which can plug nozzles and filters. Middle distillate fuels for the military can remain unused in storage typically for a year and often much longer. Many fuels show significant deterioration in storage. Storage stability complicates the addition of any other type of natural occurring blending stock. Materials added as fuel blending stocks must be chemically stable and not induce instability in the fuel to which it is added. Furthermore, the blending stock must not react with MILSpec required fuel additives. In the present research, a soybean derived fuel was added in concentrations up to 20% in both stable and unstable petroleum middle distillate fuels. The storage stability of the mixture was tested by ASTM 5304. The soy-fuel mixtures proved stable in the stable fuel and reduced the instability in the unstable fuel significantly.

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Polar heteroatomic species have been correlated with storage instability problems in both petroleum-and shale-derived middle distillate fuels. Instability is defined as the formation of filterable sediments and gums. Heteroatoms (oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur) have been found to be greatly enhanced in such sediments. Trace levels of certain organosulfur compounds have been found to significantly influence the deposit formation process. Findings that free-radical inhibitors were ineffective in controlling the stability of shale-derived middle distillate fuels posed the question: is free-radical chemistry the key to distillate fuel instability with respect to deposit formation? The effectiveness of organic amines as additives suggests that acid/base chemistry was also involved in the formation of deposits. This paper reports on a study of organosulfur compounds employed as dopants with naturally occurring peroxide compounds in fuels. The product distribution from the dopant and the change in peroxide concentration was monitored.

There have been no new literature papers dealing with jet fuel deicing additive replacements for the past 20 years. The current fuel system icing inhibitor additives, used by both the military and commercial aviation, are ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether. These deicing compounds are toxic at the concentrations that are required for effective deicing. This observation points to an immediate need for nontoxic, inexpensive, and biodegradable deicing compounds. The synthesis of polar sugar derivatives represents a viable alternative to glycol-based additives. The alternative deicing compounds reported in this paper are inexpensive and fuel stable and exhibit icing inhibitor characteristics similar to those of the presently used commercial materials.

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