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Hughes, R. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1079b, 34, 625-634. Shen, W. M.; Dumesic, J. A.; Hill, C. G. J. Catel. 1081, 68, 152-165. Sinkule, J.; Hlavacek, V.; Votruba, F.; Tvrdik, I. Chem. fng. Sci. 1074, 29, Sinkuie, F.; Votruba, F.; Hlavacek, V.; Hofmann, M. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1078a, Sinkule, F.; Hlavacek, V.; Votruba, F. Chem. fng. Sci. 1078b, 31, 31-36. Villadsen, J.; Michelsen, M. L. "Solution of Differential Equation Models by Polynomial Approximation"; Prentlce-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978; pp Votruba. J.; Hlavacek, V.; Marek, M.

Aerated n-dodecane as a liquid under 800-psig pressure has been passed over heated tubes at temperatures between 375 and 1000 °F (190-538 °C). The initial product, hydroperoxide, is stable to 550 °F (282 °C), but its decomposition at higher temperatures leads to alcohols, ketones, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, n-alkanes, and 1alkenes. Product yields increase only slightly between 725 and 900 °F (385-482 °C) since peroxide has completely disappeared at the lower temperature. Hydrocarbon pyrolysis reactions occur above 900 °F (482 °C) with greater yields for aerated n-dodecane than for oxygen-free liquid. Heater tubes fabricated from aluminum and two types of stainless steel, 304 and 316, yielded the same products and exhibited similar "temperature/ product concentration'' patterns.

GRADE (Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study) is a 36-center unmasked, parallel treatment group, randomized controlled trial evaluating four diabetes medications added to metformin in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We report baseline characteristics and compare GRADE participants to a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were age ‡30 years at the time of diagnosis, with duration of T2DM <10 years, HbA 1c 6.8-8.5% (51-69 mmol/mol), prescribed metformin monotherapy, and randomized to glimepiride, sitagliptin, liraglutide, or insulin glargine. RESULTS At baseline, GRADE's 5,047 randomized participants were 57.2 6 10.0 years of age, 63.6% male, with racial/ethnic breakdown of 65.7% white, 19.8% African American, 3.6% Asian, 2.7% Native American, 7.6% other or unknown, and 18.4% Hispanic/ Latino. Duration of diabetes was 4.2 6 2.8 years, with mean HbA 1c of 7.5 6 0.5% (58 6 5.3 mmol/mol), BMI of 34.3 6 6.8 kg/m 2 , and metformin dose of 1,944 6 204 mg/day. Among the cohort, 67% reported a history of hypertension, 72% a history of hyperlipidemia, and 6.5% a history of heart attack or stroke. Applying GRADE inclusion criteria to NHANES indicates enrollment of a representative cohort with T2DM on metformin monotherapy (NHANES cohort average age, 57.9 years; mean HbA 1c , 7.4% [57 mmol/mol]; BMI, 33.2 kg/m 2 ; duration, 4.2 6 2.5 years; and 7.2% with a history of cardiovascular disease). CONCLUSIONS The GRADE cohort represents patients with T2DM treated with metformin requiring a second diabetes medication. GRADE will inform decisions about the clinical effectiveness of the addition of four classes of diabetes medications to metformin. The optimal medication management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is not established. In addition to lifestyle intervention, metformin is the recommended initial medication in T2DM due to its glycemic effectiveness, lack of associated hypoglycemia or weight gain, low cost, and evidence of long-term benefit and safety

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