ABSTRAK Keberadaan Escherichia coli dalam sumber air atau makanan merupakan indikasi pasti terjadinya PENDAHULUANMakanan merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok manusia untuk dapat melangsungkan kehidupan selain kebutuhan sandang dan papan. Selain mengandung nilai gizi yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh, makanan merupakan media yang baik dalam kontaminasi dan perkembang biakan bakteri karena mengandung kadar air serta nilai protein yang tinggi (Depkes, 2010).

Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy with high incidence in Southern China and South-East Asia. NPC incidence among males in Indonesia is estimated around 8.3/100,000 populations. Tobacco smoking is a common risk factor for cancer, including NPC. P16 is one of the key proteins related to the activation of apoptotic pathways, that commonly change during carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis is often related to environmental exposure, including tobacco smoke. Objective: To analyze the association between P16 protein and smoking status among NPC subjects in Indonesia. Methods: Forty formalin fixed-paraffin embedded NPC tissue samples of known smoking status (20 smokers, 20 non-smokers) were collected from the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. P16 was detected by immunohistochemistry staining. German semi-quantitative scoring system was applied to the P16 staining. Expression index with the score of 0 to 3 was classified as negative staining, meanwhile 4 to 12 was classified as positive staining. The association between P16 (score) and smoking status among NPC patients was analyzed using Fischer exact test. One-sided p ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: All samples were Javanese males, with age range 25-76 years old. P16 positive staining among smokers was 5% (1/20), while among non-smokers was 40% (8/20). P16 among smokers was significantly lower than non-smokers patients (p=0.010). No difference was found between quantity of smoke and P16 score. Conclusion : A significant association between P16 and smoking status in Indonesian NPC patients has been revealed. The result of this study may be used to improve prevention and management of NPC cases related to smoking habit in Indonesia.

Remaja merupakan individu labil yang mudah stres akibat modernisasi. Pemilihan manajemen stres pada remaja yang tidak efektif seperti merokok dan bermain game online menimbulkan adaptasi tubuh yang buruk sehingga berakhir dengan maladaptif atau kegagalan adaptasi masalah yang dihadapi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk menganalisis adiksi game online dan merokok dengan tingkat stres pada remaja. Penelitian ini merupakan observasional analitik dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian adalah semua remaja yang bermain game online di Surakarta, sedangkan sampel penelitian sebanyak 56 remaja. Pengumpulan data penelitian menggunakan kuesioner, sedangkan analisis data menggunakan uji Chi square dan Regresi Logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan adiksi game online dengan stres remaja (p= 0,001; OR= 5,312) dan terdapat hubungan merokok dengan stres remaja (p= 0,000; OR= 5,455), sedangkan besarnya hubungan adiksi game online dan merokok terhadap tingkat stres sebesar 39,0%. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah adiksi game online dan merokok termasuk mekanisme pengalihan tingkat stres pada remaja.

BACKGROUND: Hypermethylation of RASSF1A and CDKN2A is one of epigenetic factor underlies nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) development. Smoking behavior as an NPC’s risk factor causes aberrant DNA methylation. RASSF1A and CDKN2A promoter hypermethylation from peripheral blood cells correlates with smoking behavior. The use of body fluids including peripheral blood as a specimen for DNA methylation analyzes are widely developed, as less invasive method compared to the use of tissue biopsy. This study aims to observe the association between RASSF1A and CDKN2A methylation in peripheral blood and smoking behavioramong NPC patients.METHODS: Newly diagnosed NPC subjects were recruited from ear-nose-throat (ENT) outpatient clinic of Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. DNA from buffycoat of 19 smokers and 20 non-smokers NPC’s patients were isolated. Bisulphite modification was applied to 500 ng of the isolated DNA. The methylation status was detected by MSP (methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)). The association between smoking status and promoter hypermethylation was analysis using Chi-Square test.RESULTS: MSP analysis of RASSF1A showed that 68.42% smoker and 75% non-smoker NPC’s patients were methylated. MSP analysis of CDKN2A showed that 21.05% smoker and 25% non-smoker NPC’s patients were methylated. There was no association between smoking behavior with RASSF1A and CDKN2A methylation (p>0.05).CONCLUSION: Statistical analysis showed that smoking behavior is not associated with methylation of RASSF1A and CDKN2A among NPC’s patients.KEYWORDS: DNA methylation, CDKN2A, RASSF1A, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Smoking

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking plays an important role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) risk. The Wingless-related integration site (WNT) Inhibitory Factor 1 (WIF1) as one of the tumor suppressor gene (TSG), functions to control cell proliferation through suppression of WNT signaling pathway. WIF1 methylation is one of epigenetic mechanisms which causes overactivated of WNT pathway in NPC development. WIF1 methylation from buffy coat related to smoking status and NPC risk is not known yet.METHODS: This was a nested case-control study involving 39 newly diagnosed NPC patients and 40 healthy controls. All subjects were enrolled at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. Subjects were male, with known smoking status, duration, and quantity of cigarette consumed. Parallel DNA isolated from buffy coat was used for WIF1 DNA methylation analysis, by using methylation-specific PCR (MSP) method. Chi-square analysis was used to determine distribution of differences among groups. Two tailed p-value≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant.RESULTS: No significant difference between WIF1 methylation of cases and controls (p=0.30), nor smoking habit among smokers (p=0.51) and non-smokers (p=0.43).CONCLUSION: WIF1 methylation from buffy coat could not be used as an NPC marker nor as a smoking behavior marker.KEYWORDS: buffy coat, cigarette smoking, methylation, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, WIF1

Peningkatan kebugaran jasmani dapat membantu dalam pencegahan penyakit. Terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara tingkat kebugaran fisik dan angka kesakitan serta kematian yang disebabkan oleh penyakit kronis. Aktivitas fisik yang menyebabkan denyut nadi maksimal tercapai dapat membahayakan. Denyut nadi meningkat dapat dikarenakan oleh kurangnya cairan tubuh saat beraktivitas. Air kelapa merupakan salah satu contoh cairan yang mengandung bahan elektrolit yang baik bagi tubuh. Kandungan mineral dan sifat isotonis menjadikan air kelapa itu potensial dikonsumsi sebagai minuman olahraga. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan indeks kebugaran jasmani pada pemberian air mineral dibandingkan dengan air kelapa sebelum aktivitas fisik. Metode penelitian menggunakan quasi experiment dengan rancangan pretest-posttest non equivalent control group design. Sampel sejumlah 20 mahasiswa laki-laki yang tidak rutin berolahraga dilakukan pengambilan data indeks kebugaran jasmani pada pemberian air kelapa serta air mineral. Hasil penelitian ini dengan uji t-independent  bernilai p>0,05. Simpulan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara indeks kebugaran jasmani pada pemberian air kelapa dan air mineral.

The level of physical fitness in Indonesia is still poor. Research shows physical fitness 22 provinces inIndonesia is 56.07% middle, while the rest are stated as being moderate. Thera are any corelation betweenphysical fitness and pulse. Assessing the work of the heart can be seen fromthe pulse which is the propagationof the heart rate. The recovery rate is one indicator to determine the level of physical fitness. This Harvard stepup test measurement is to see how quickly the body's ability to recover after doing activities. The purpose of theauthors conducting this study was to determine the difference in mean resting pulse, recovery rate of minutes 1,2 and 3 in students who regularly exercise and do not. The research method is analytic observational using across-sectional approach. A sample of 65 students, 20 who regularly exercise and 45 students do not regularlyexercise. The results of this study were treated with the mann-whitney and t-independent test showing a restingpulse value p<0.05. Researchers concluded that there weresignificant differences in the mean resting pulse,recovery rate of minutes 1, 2 and 3 in students who routinely exercised and did not.

Penyakit  infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan bahan alami yang mudah ditemui dan memiliki sifat antibakteri. Staphylococcus epidrmidis dan Salmonella typhosa  adalah bakteri Gram positif dan Gram negatif yang menyebabkan beberapa jenis penyakit.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol 70% Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan  Salmonella thyposa secara In Vitro. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorium dengan metode post- test only control group design. Konsentrasi ekstrak temulawak yang digunakan adalah 5%, 15% dan 45%. Penelitian menggunakan Media Muller Hilton yang telah diolesi bakteri dan dibuat sumuran dengan diameter 6 mm sebagai tempat ekstrak temulawak. Kloramfenikol digunakan sebagai kontrol postif dan aquabides sebagai kontrol negatif. Diameter zona hambat diukur menggunakan jangka sorong setelah inkubasi pada suhu 37°C selama 24 jam. Hasil analisis data menggunakan Uji Krusskal-Wallis menunjukkan nilai p<0.005 dan Post-Hoc Mann Whitney dengan nilai p=0.008. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 70% temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Salmonella thyposa secara In Vitro.