WIF1 Qualitative-Methylation from Peripheral Blood Could Not Be Used as Biomarker for The Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma or Smoking Behavior in Yogyakarta Panel

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking plays an important role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) risk. The Wingless-related integration site (WNT) Inhibitory Factor 1 (WIF1) as one of the tumor suppressor gene (TSG), functions to control cell proliferation through suppression of WNT signaling pathway. WIF1 methylation is one of epigenetic mechanisms which causes overactivated of WNT pathway in NPC development. WIF1 methylation from buffy coat related to smoking status and NPC risk is not known yet.METHODS: This was a nested case-control study involving 39 newly diagnosed NPC patients and 40 healthy controls. All subjects were enrolled at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. Subjects were male, with known smoking status, duration, and quantity of cigarette consumed. Parallel DNA isolated from buffy coat was used for WIF1 DNA methylation analysis, by using methylation-specific PCR (MSP) method. Chi-square analysis was used to determine distribution of differences among groups. Two tailed p-value≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant.RESULTS: No significant difference between WIF1 methylation of cases and controls (p=0.30), nor smoking habit among smokers (p=0.51) and non-smokers (p=0.43).CONCLUSION: WIF1 methylation from buffy coat could not be used as an NPC marker nor as a smoking behavior marker.KEYWORDS: buffy coat, cigarette smoking, methylation, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, WIF1

Risk Factors Associated with Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidences in Indonesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…In contrary to a meta-analysis conducted by Okekpa et al, (2019), the study showed similar but significant risk of smoking habit among people from Asia (OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.27-1.57). Previous studies in several regions have shown a significant association of tobacco consumption, including in Indonesia (Amtha et al, 2009;Chang et al, 2017;Nuaba et al, 2020), although some were insignificant (Adoga et al, 2018;Kurniawan et al, 2019). Given a larger population in genetic diversity will present more representative results; however, limited studies and high heterogeneity might explain the difference in the current pooled analysis.…”

“…All these Figure 1. PRISMA Flowchart status analysis included three studies for meta-analysis (Amtha et al, 2009;Kurniawan et al, 2019;Nuaba et al, 2020) (Figure 2). The overall pooled analysis revelaed that smoking increased the odds of NPC, although no statistical emerge as risk factor (OR 4.39, 95% CI: 0.79-24.40) the risk of NPC; however, it was not statistically significant (p=0.09).…”

“…There were only three studies which reported smoking status as a result. One study disclosed about alcohol consumption, one study reported about salted fish consumption, and two studies described the distribution of HLA allele (Amtha et al, 2009;Arania R, Puji S, 2014;Judajana, 2018;Kurniawan et al, 2019;Nuaba et al, 2020;Purwanto, 2015;Tao Li et al, 1995).…”

Current Status and Future Perspectives about Molecular Biomarkers of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

“…Many studies have demonstrated cigarette smoking confers a two- to six-fold higher risk of NPC development, with the risk increasing the longer one is a smoker and the more cigarettes one smokes in a day [ 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 ]. Cigarette smoke is known to contain carcinogenic compounds that cause DNA damage (genome), recruit DNA methyltransferase, hypoxia, activate DNA-binding proteins, and can eventually lead to genome alteration (mutation), disruption of cellular metabolic processes, and epigenetic change [ 112 , 113 ].…”

NPC-Exosome Carry Wild and Mutant-type p53 among Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients

“…The global NPC incidence is 1.7/100,000 per year. Estimated incidence of NPC in Indonesia is quite high, which is 8.3/100,000 per year (1,2). On the other hand, the incidence was rare in Europa and America.…”