Accuracy of determination of real estate area has a great importance nowadays, both in real estate selling and in tax assessment and also in spatial planning. Present and used in the past methods of area determination of parcels, buildings and dwellings cause thatthe quantity of areas are not consistent and at present this situation gives many questions. In the paper, discussion and analysis of methods of determination of areas of all types of estate in Poland, has been presented. Both methods used nowadays and used in the past has been showed here. In the relation to dwellings it has also been pointed, various provisions in force, within the range of computations of areas. For buildings in turn, it has been presented possible cases of determination of area of footprint of building and area of floor area (as sum of usable floor spaces) and areas of auxiliary premises. For land real estate, methods of determination areas of parcels used in the past together with their analysis of accuracy of areas and analytical methods used at present, have been presented. It has been pointed possible errors of analytical determined parcel area, as derivative of inaccuracy of determination of coordinates of boundary points and shape of parcel. In the summarization, possible effects (both factual and legal) of erroneously revealed in documents areas or real estate, have been presented. It has also been presented possible changes in provisions of law, partially solving problem of inaccuracy of determination real estate area.
Appropriate use of the economic potential of the property is a challenge not only for planners and local authorities, it is also important for the individual owners. The biggest changes will result from changes in local planning, mainly from the conversion of agricultural land for residential purposes. However, legislative changes were created to protect this type of land against uncontrolled rotation. The changes made in recent years, complicated, or even impossible so far used the process of buying and subsequent conversion of the property, to the needs of the real estate market premises or services. The article presents the ideas of Land Use Efficiency on the example of transformation of agricultural real estate in the property held for development. Example simulations are an empirical transformation or division of property to sell them for housing purposes. These examples illustrated in the example of land developing, for whom the lack of local development plans or plans are developed recently. For this purpose, a qualitative and quantitative approaches, including decision trees to determine the criteria for the formation of real estate prices. The author draws attention to the possibility of the development of non-urbanized areas and the potential costs and financial returns resulting therefrom.
Property boundary points define the extent of property rightsin the field. For this reason, the precision of these coordinates is one of the most crucial factors which decide in both cases: the surface area of the property and the accuracy of this field and about the reliability limits and therefore the credibility of the cadastral system of the state. The ongoing process of cadastre modernization in Poland allows to improve the accuracy of the position of property boundary points. The coordinates of the boundary points can be fixed by various methods. Method of direct measuring in the field is preceded by the fixing of the boundaries in the presence of the owners. A photogrammetric method of marking out the boundaries basis of aerial photographs, the boundary points are or are not previously determined and indicated. The cartographic method for determining the coordinates of border points uses existing cadastral maps analogue, which has undergone a process of scanning and vectorization. The article presents an assessment of the accuracy of the coordinates designate the border points using the traditional method. It has been shown that the extent to which the accuracy of the coordinates is affected by the accuracy and establish the configuration points.
Due to the high demand on the housing market, it may seem that every investment will find buyers’ interest and the key is its economic dimension. Meanwhile, in the Krakow real estate market, one can observe the trend of SMART market creation, in which the added value is the quality of life of residents of a given investment, especially in terms of using renewable energy sources and ensuring a well-organized space around the investment. The implementation of intelligent energy networks and the widespread use of renewable energy sources will result in more efficient energy transfer, waste recycling, faster identification of the threat and repair after a possible failure. Using, for example, the resources of the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management, the implementation of ecological solutions is not related to the excessive price of such investments, and guarantees a higher quality of life for new owners. The article presents good practices in the design of housing estates in the city of Krakow. One of such closed settlements is "Osiedle Fi", whose location guarantees good public transport, additionally underground parking places a lot of green areas outside, positively affecting the microclimate of the area. The buildings are made of natural materials and the common parts of the property are illuminated from solar energy. The use of renewable energy sources favors both the environment and reduces the cost of maintaining the property. Rainwater is also used. The next smart housing estate is "Osiedle Ozon". It is a comfortable housing estate with functional land development. Among its main attributes, it is worth mentioning a lot of greenery and naturally diversified terrain. There were used plant species, which have the ability to catch harmful chemicals or dust from soil and air. In this work, a statistical analysis was conducted to compare the prices of housing properties in these two selected settlements to the prices of real estate in the area, indicating statistically insignificant differences in the economic aspect, with significant differences in the quality of life of the potential buyer.
In classical applications of parametric method to compensate the coordinates of geodetic networks is usually assumed to establish faultless points. The object of estimation parameters, the coordinates of points are determined by observations which mediate appointment of unknowns. References points can have larger standard deviations than the accuracy of observations. This is the results of the advances in technology. If it is necessary to obtain the coordinates of the height accuracy freely alignment is often used, taking for example the coordinates of one point and the azimuth direction of the flat networks or the level of only one point from network leveling. This simplified solution is justified when it is important to get internal network precision because we get rid of the errors in this way to benchmark point. This is not the exact solution.In the case of having the knowledge of variance-covariance matrix of benchmark points, it should be reflected in calculation. In the case of benchmarks, which amount was set many years ago, generally covariance are not known. In this case, alignment it is still possible, it can be based on the variance, which can be determined, for example, on the altitude network class. Benchmark points are considered establish in this case as the observations and unknowns simultaneously. They shall be the subject to appointment and are treated as pseudo-observations. This article is an example of comparison between network adjustment which included level marks standard deviation and the other one freely alignment and assumptions inerrancy establish points. Convenient extension of the of parametric method was proposed, where the notion of observation equations for the point (coordinate) was interposed.
The approach to the cadastral value of the property is an indicator of the development of the real estate market, and therefore there are still divisions between countries preferring addictive this value from the surface and from values. The article comments on regulatory presented in selected European Union countries and presents original solution for the determination and correction of the cadastral value of the property, which is the basis to determine the property tax. About the tax character of this value, the fact that the introduction of social concern. Based on Poland, more than twenty years there has been discussion on this subject, but without regulation, there is only a discuss about the concepts of the system. The first attempts spatial analysis in order to determine the cadastral-tax areas have not yielded sufficient results, which is why the authors decided to present original solution resulting from the combination of statistical methods inclusive quantitative traits (facet surface) and qualitative characteristics (standard flat) with the characteristics of spatial (location, neighbourhood), in to determine the cadastral value of the property to eventually create the zones in cadastral-tax-zones. As an example, the property from the city Bochnia were used. The paper sought optimal zoning, to minimize variations and create homogeneous collections, which are enclosed areas, so that the weightings were small. To do this, the property housing was selected, as constituting the highest percentage of items on the market.
The analysis of a city’s spatial development, in terms of a location that meets the needs of its inhabitants, requires many approaches. The preliminary assessment of the collected material showed that there was real estate in the database whose price did not have market characteristics. For the correct formulation of the valuation model, it is necessary to detect and eliminate or reduce the impact of these properties on the valuation results. In this study, multivariate analysis was used and three methods of detecting outliers were verified. The database of 8812 residential premises traded on the primary market in Kraków was analyzed. In order to detect outliers, the following indices were determined: projection matrix, Mahalanobis distances, standardized chi test and Cook distances. Critical values were calculated based on the formulas proposed in the publication. The probability level was P = 0.95. The article shows that the selected methods of eliminating outliers—the methods of standardized residuals and the Cook’s distance method give similar regression models. Further analysis (with the use of classification tree methods) made it possible to distinguish zones that are homogeneous in terms of price dispersion. In these zones, a set of features influencing real estate prices were determined.
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