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The objective of this research work was to isolate, characterize and determine the prevalence of ExtendedSpectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. from orthopedic wounds of patients admitted at National Orthopedic Hospital Enugu (NOHE), South East Nigeria. In this study, 171 bacterial isolates were obtained from 257 orthopedic wound swabs over a period of one year. Sixty nine (69) of the bacterial isolates were identified as E. coli while 102 were Klebsiella spp based on standard microbiological techniques. The phenotypic screening of the 171 bacterial isolates (E. coli and Klebsiella spp) for ESBL production was done by disc diffusion method using second and third generation cephalosporins. The ESBL producers were confirmed using double disc synergy test. Susceptibility of the ESBL-producing bacterial isolates to antibiotics was done on Mueller-Hinton agar by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods. Exactly 59.65% and 40.35% of the identified Klebsiella spp and E. coli isolates respectively were confirmed to be ESBL producers. The bacterial isolates were highly resistant (89%-100%) to ceftazidime, amoxicillin, aztreonam, cefpirome, cefoxitin, cefotetan, and cefotaxime. However, imipenem was the most active antibiotic against the bacterial isolates as they were highly susceptible to this antibiotic (64%-71%). This study has revealed that E. coli and Klebsiella spp colonize orthopedic wounds. They were also multidrug-resistant with Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) values within the range of 0.20 to 0.85. The increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has made susceptibility testing a crucial aspect in the treatment of serious bacterial infections. Therefore, there is need for increased surveillance of ESBL-producing organisms as they pose serious threat to successful treatment of infections and exacerbates the problem of antimicrobial resistance in the hospitals, especially in resource poor settings.

Medicinal plants are used by almost 80% of the world’s population for their basic health care because of their low cost and ease in availability. In the last few decades, many bacteria have continued to show increasing resistance against current antibiotics. Aim: In this study, phytochemical screening and antibacterial effects of conventional antibiotics, garlic and ginger on test isolates from fish pond water samples were evaluated between May-November, 2019. Methods: Standard methods for phytochemical screening and antibacterial analysis were employed. Results: The results showed that amongst the antibiotics used for susceptibility test, Amoxicilin (30 µg) was mostly resisted by all the bacterial isolates except Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella typhi while erythromycin (10 µg) was unable to inhibit Bacillus subtilis. Ciprofloxacin (10 µg) and pefloxacin (10 µg) inhibited the growth of all the isolates except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The test isolates showed variable susceptibility to the garlic and ginger extracts (ethanol, methanol and hot water). The extracts inhibited the isolates in descending order; ginger ethanol > ginger methanol > garlic methanol > ginger hot water > garlic ethanol > garlic hot water. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Staphylococcus aureus showed little resistant to the extracts while these extracts showed better activity on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. Synergistic effect of garlic and ginger (500mg/ml) inhibited the growth of all the isolates with ethanol extracts having the highest zone diameter (29 mm) on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis while hot water extracts had the least zone of inhibition (18 mm) on Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration for ethanol, methanol and hot water extracts ranged from 31.25mg/ml to 62.5mg/ml and 62.5mg/ml to 125mg/ml respectively. Conclusion: The outcomes of susceptibility experiment depicted that ethanol and methanol extracts of garlic and ginger (each alone and in combination) showed more inhibitory effect than aqueous extracts and also the combination of ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts resulted in inhibitory effect greater than each of the extracts when used singly. The use of ginger and garlic for control of fish pathogens appears to be justified.

Human-pathogenic bacteria resistant to one or multiple antibiotics have dramatically increased worldwide in the past decades. These bacteria possess great danger, have become a global issue, and it is now impossible to avoid developing strategies for the restoration of treatment options against infections caused by them. This research aims at profiling plasmids of multidrug-resistant bacteria from various clinical specimens such as ear exudate, sputum, urethral swab, wound swab, urine from the catheter, urine, nasal swab, high vaginal swab, stool, eye swab, and blood at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Our investigation used the agar diffusion method for susceptibility tests and identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria before plasmid extraction and gel electrophoresis. A plasmid curing test was performed with 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate. Of the 860 bacteria whose resistance profile was determined, only 42 were multidrug-resistant. These bacteria include Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16 (38.10%), Staphylococcus aureus 12 (28.57%), Escherichia coli 9 (21.43%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae 5(11.90%). The molecular weight of their plasmids ranges between 20.884 kbp and 187.50 kbp. As indicated by the plasmid bands, some bacteria had similar molecular weight while others had no plasmid. The bacterial pattern of the postcuring sensitivity test showed that the bacteria with plasmid bands were cured as they became susceptible to the drugs they were previously resistant to, while the bacteria without plasmid bands remained resistant to the antibiotics. This implies that the latter’s multidrug resistance is nonplasmid mediated. Our analyses highlight the relationship between plasmids and multidrug resistance as well as the role of plasmids in the transmission of drug resistance across bacteria. Thus, in order to lessen the burden that multidrug-resistant bacteria cause and to improve bacterial infections treatments, there should be continued surveillance and periodic research on antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria from various clinical settings.

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