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Hot water (JLW) and 70% ethanol (JLE) extracts of jujube leaves were investigated for their antioxidant effect, cytotoxicity, and anticancer effects. The measured content of total polyphenolics in JLW and JLE was 200.4 mg g -1 and 234.6 mg g -1 , respectively. Extracts showed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of 91.8% (JLW) and 93.8% (JLE) at 1,000 g mL -1 . A radical scavenging activity of JLW and JLE was higher than that of Vitamin C (89.3%) (at 1,000 g mL -1). Results from the analysis of Super oxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity showed 33.9% for JLW and 34.8% for JLE (at 1,000 µg mL -1). Extracts showed no cytotoxicity in a normal human cell line, HEK293. In human cancer cells JLW extract showed higher antiproliferative activity than JLE extract. Inhibitory effect of JLW for human breast cancer cells (MCF 7), human stomach cancer cells (AGS), human lung cancer cells (A549) and human liver cancer cells (HepG2) growth was 16.9%, 61.3%, 57.7%, and 20.1% respectively, at 1,000 g mL -1. The results of our study suggest the potential use of Zizyphus jujube leaves extracts for use as an excellent antioxidant and antiproliferative substance.Additional key words: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, antioxidant, antiproliferation, polyphenol Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 52(6):635-640. 2011.

A genetically modified (GM) pepper containing the gene for the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) coat protein (CP) was investigated to assess the proteolytic behavior and simulated digestion in the stomach and small intestine. CMV‐CP expressed in GM pepper and in Escherichia coli exhibited the molecular mass of about 25 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The three internal peptides of CMV‐CP in E. coli BL21 (VLSQQLSR, LLLPDSVTEYDKK and DDALETDELVLHVDIEHQR) were detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, and seven peptides (VLSQQLSR, PTINHPTFVGSER, LLLPDSVTEYDKK, FDSTVWVTVRK, LLYDLSAMRA, RKYAVLVYSK and VLHVDIEHQR) of CMV‐CP in GM pepper were verified by the analysis. CMV‐CP expressed in GM pepper was completely degraded in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, and the immunoreaction of the CMV‐CP was rapidly eliminated by the Western blot assays. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS A variety of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV‐P0)‐resistant peppers was developed through a breeding program, and commercial cultivars are available. However, a new pathotype virus (CMV‐P1), which can infect CMV‐P0‐resistant peppers, is appeared recently, and this virus causes a heavy loss of productivity. Recently developed new transgenic pepper line is highly tolerable to CMV‐P0 and CMV‐P1. Sequence analysis of the CMV‐coat protein (CMV‐CP) expressed in the new transgenic pepper line and in an Escherichia coli expression system will provide structural information on expressed protein. In addition, in vitro digestibility of the expressed CMV‐CP from transgenic pepper with simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid make it possible to understand its proteolytic behavior with simulated digestion fluids.

Ethanol extract of garlic peels (GPE) was investigated for its antiproliferative effects on human cancer cell lines. Human lung cancer cell line A549 treated with 500 μg/mL GPE resulted in the growth inhibition of A549 by 90%. In stomach cancer cell AGS proliferation inhibition activity, GPE showed 45% and 71% inhibition of AGS growth at 1,000 μg/mL and 2,000 μg/mL, respectively. GPE inhibited the growth of the breast cancer cells MCF-7 effectively at low concentration and showed 78% and 90% inhibitions of MCF-7 growth at 200 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL , respectively. GPE showed very significant antiproliferation effect on liver cancer cell line Hep3B and inhibited Hep3B cell growth by 57% at 100 μg/mL, and the inhibition's rate increased up to 87% at 500 μg/mL. Antiproliferation effect of GPE on colorectal cancer cell HT-29 showed 15% reduction of HT-29 cell growth at 200 μg/mL and the growth rate was reduced in a dose dependent manner up to 1,000 μg/mL. These results indicated that GPE had high antiproliferation effects on breast and liver cancer cell lines at low concentrations (200 μg/mL), and by higher concentrations over 500 μg/mL, GPE inhibited the growth of A549 and HT-29. The results of our study suggested the potential use of garlic peels for use as an excellent antiproliferative substance for human cancer cells. Key words：antiproliferation, garlic peel, ethanol extract, human cancer cell line

Inflammatory mediator regulation of the Zizyphus jujube leaf fractions in the LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 mouse machrophage.

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Genetically modified (GM) pepper H15 containing the gene for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) coat protein (CP) and its control line non-GM pepper P2377 were investigated for their allergic risk. Amino acid sequence of the inserted gene product CMV-CP was compared with those of known allergens. No known allergen had greater than 35% amino acid sequence homology over an 80 amino acid window or more than 8 consecutive identical amino acids. Protein patterns of GM and non-GM pepper extracts were evaluated by SDS-PAGE, which showed similar distribution of protein bands for both GM and non-GM pepper. Antigen-antibody reactions were compared between GM and its non-transgenic parental control. ELISA and immunoblot analysis of sera from allergic patients showed some IgE reactivity; however, no differences were observed between GM pepper H15 and P2377. We therefore conclude that CMV-CP is less likely to be an allergen; the protein composition and allergenicity of the GM pepper H15 is not different from that of P2377 and safe as a commercial host.